Lifestyle changes and risks of criminal victimization

Routine activity/lifestyle theories have been used to explain temporal changes in crime rates, the social ecology of crime, and individuals' risks of criminal victimization. Using a panel of 33,773 individuals and 19,005 households at two points in time, the current study extends previous research by examining whether changes in lifestyles are associated with changes in individuals' risks of personal and property victimization. Changes in lifestyles which signal greater target visibility or exposure to motivated offenders (greater daytime and nighttime activity outside the home) and reduced guardianship (decreases in the number of household members) are generally associated with increased risks of both types of victimization. Persons who maintained high levels of nighttime activity outside the household were also more likely to remain victims at both time periods. However, active lifestyle changes (increased precautionary actions) did not have their expected impact on reducing victimization risks, and several other changes over time also were inconsistent with expectations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of passive and active lifestyle changes on victimization risks and the implications of our findings for developing sociological theories of criminal victimization.An early draft of this paper was presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, November 11–14, 1987. The data for this study were originally collected by the Bureau of Census for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and were made available by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Neither the collectors of the data nor the Consortium bears any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here.     

Generalized variables for controlling Government Transfer Services with respect to performance measures

The term Government Transfer Services is used in reference to any of the organized streams of public resources that flow into private economic activity. This includes such activities as offshore leasing, Social Security, and NASA technology transfer services. This paper describes a performance measure, empirical results, a theory, and a control model for such services. These are illustrated by a specific example (NASA). An agenda for developing this service control method is also presented.     

SUPERFUND FINANCING ALTERNATIVES

In 1980 Congress created the Superfund to pay for the selective cleanup of hazardous waste disposal sites. The original Superfund program was financed by earmarked "feedstock" taxes on petroleum and 42 chemicals, and by a "waste-end" tax on hazardous waste received a t disposal facilities. Budgetary authority for the program expired in September 1985. Over a year elapsed before Congress renewed budgetary authority for the program by expanding the feedstock taxes, suspending the waste-end tax, and imposing a new broad-base tax on corporate income. This paper examines the efficiency and equity effects of the current and several alternative Superfund tax policies. Special emphasis is given to the administrative and compliance costs associated with each tax, and the capacity of each to complement EPA regulation of hazardous waste externalities.     

A synoptic history and typology of experimental research in political science

This paper presents a brief chronicle of experimental research in political science. It is based upon an empirical analysis of 217 published experiments from ten major scholarly journals. A number of different subject areas where experimental designs have been employed are identified and dated as to when such designs were initially used. This sample of experiments is then analyzed, and four dimensions are identified and used to characterize these published experiments. The defining criteria for these dimensions include level of analysis, experimental environment, assumptions concerning rationality, and the nature of the experimental stimulus.     

Explaining the formation of business-environmentalist collaborations: Collaborative windows and the Paper Task Force

Building on the agenda setting theory of Kingdon (1984), this paper develops a collaboration forming model to explain the creation of multi-party initiatives as an addition to Gray's (1985 and 1989) explanation for collaborations as a response to environmental turbulence, crisis, or complexity. It tests this model by examining the Paper Task Force, a collaboration of five multi-national companies, an environmental group, and a university intended to determine environmentally sound guidelines for paper procurement. The study finds that multi-stakeholder collaborations can require collaborative windows for their formation. These windows occur when four process streams – problem, policy, organizational, and social/political/economic – converge. In the case of the Paper Task Force, the problem stream was an increasing recognition of the environmental burdens throughout the lifecycle of paper production. The policy stream included new governmental initiatives to make paper-making processes cleaner and use paper with more recycled content. The organizational stream consisted of an increasing willingness among corporations to improve their environmental performance combined with their development of paper making technology with lower environmental impacts. The social/political/economic stream included strong public support for the environment in the United States and demand for chlorine free paper in Europe. A collaborative entrepreneur, the Environmental Defense Fund, working with the other Task Force members, was able to join solutions to problems. Implications for other collaborative ventures are developed.     

Reviews

Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c.1860–1910 by Patrick Harries. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg; Heinemann, Portsmouth NH; and James Currey, London. 1994. 328 pp. including photographs, maps and tables. R75.00 paperback.

African Workers and Colonial Racism: Mozambican Strategies and Struggles in Lourenc.0 Marques, 1877–1962 by Jeanne Marie Penvenne. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg; Heinemann, Portsmouth NH; and James Currey, London. 1995. 242 pp. including maps, halftones and tables. R86.00 paperback.

Historical Dictionary of Namibia by John J. Grotpeter. The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey and London. No 57 in the African Historical Dictionaries series. 1994. xxvi plus 725 pp. including a chronology, map, appendices and bibliography. $89.50 hardback.

Out in the Cold: Academic Boycotts and the Isolation of South Africa by L.J. Haricombe and F.W. Lancaster. Information Resources Press, Arlington, Virginia. 1995. xiv plus 158 pp. including tables, bibliography and index. $29.50 hardback.

The Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe by Ulf Engel. Institute of African Affairs, Hamburg. 1994. vii plus 479 pp. including diagrams, tables, notes, bibliography and indices.

The Politics of Two Sudans: The South and the North 1821 ‐1969 by Deng D. Akol Ruay. The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. 1994. 183 pp. £14.95.

Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two‐Edged Sword edited by Colin Leys and John S. Saul. James Curry, London and Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio. 1995. x plus 212 pp. including maps, notes and index. £12.95 paperback.

Namibia and External Resources: The Case of Swedish Development Assistance by Bertil Oden, Henning Melber, Tor Sellstrom and Chris Tapscott. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Research Report No. 96, Uppsala. 1994. 122 pp. including map, references and tables. £5.95 paperback.

Short‐Cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan edited by Sharif Harir and Terje Tvedt. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala. 1994. 275 pp. £19.95.

Divided Sisterhood: Race, Class and Gender in the South African Nursing Profession by Shula Marks. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg (South Africa), Macmillan Press Ltd (Great Britain), and St. Martin's Press, Inc., (USA). 1994. xiii plus 306 pp. including notes, bibliography and index. R82.00 paperback.

Transition to Democracy in Nigeria (1985–1993) by Tunji Olagunju, Adele Jinadu and Sam Oyovbaire. Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan and London. 1993. 278 pp.     

Coastal zone management in Canada: purposes and prospects

Abstract. Coastal zone management (czm ), though a relatively new concept in Canada, has become the dominant approach to coastal planning in the United States. Its saliency has much to do with the fact that it represents an acceptable blend of views of environmentalists and public administrators, especially those concerned with land use control and natural resource management problems in coastal areas. Although not aggravated to the same degree by urban congestion, these problems in Canada are becoming sufficiently serious to require a close look at the possible benefits of czm in this country. The timeliness of this concept is underlined by the fact that Canada has just entered the ‘economic zone’ phase of ocean management with the extension of its limits of national jurisdiction for fishery purposes to 200 miles. Under the existing system of allocation of powers in this country, it is impossible to envisage any ambitious czm scheme for Canada except on the basis of joint federal-provincial undertakings, in which federal agencies would tend to have a predominant involvement in maritime activities and provincial agencies in land use issues. Moreover, the spatial conception of a single uniform zone for coastal management presents considerable difficulty. For these reasons it seems futile to recommend the sweeping organizational changes that would be desirable in order to bring about a fully systematic approach to coastal management in Canada. In particular, it would be unrealistic at this early stage to attempt to establish a single comprehensive agency to direct the diverse functions of a broad-based system of coastal management. But although a high degree of unifunctionalism will have to be maintained within the existing system of public administration, the urgency of many coastal resource problems requires that a much higher degree of inter-agency coordination be attained as a matter of national priority. To this end it is suggested initially that three Coastal Zone Commissions should be established. The mandate of each would be to identify and appraise the managerial requirements of the coastal areas within the designated region with a view to influencing policy discussions at all three levels of Canadian authority, and also perhaps those at the international level. Each Commission should also be empowered to address recommendations for further initiatives to the appropriate agencies. Sommaire. La gestion de la zone cǒtière (gzc ), concept relativement nouveau au Canada, est devenu l'objet principal de la planification cǒtière aux Etats-Unis. La prédominance de cette notion vient de ce qu'elle représente un amalgame acceptable des points de vue des spécialistes de l'environnement et d'administrateurs publics, et plus particulièrement de ceux qui s'occupent de l'usage des terres et des problèmes de gestion des ressources naturelles dans les régions cǒtières. Bien que ces problèmes ne soient pas trop compliqués par la congestion urbaine, ils sont néan-moins suffisamment sérieux pour justifier un examen approfondi des avantages éventuels de la gzc dans ce pays. Le fait que la Canada vienne d'entrer dans la phase «économique » de la gestion océanique, avec l'extension des limites de sa juridiction nationale pour la pěche à 200 milles, accroǐt la pertinence de ce concept à un moment opportun. Dans le cadre du système existant de répartition des pouvoirs dans ce pays, il n'est possible d'envisager un programme ambitieux de ce genre pour le Canada, que comme entreprise conjointe fédérale-provinciale, avec participation dominante des organismes fédéraux pour les activatés maritimes et des agences provinciales pour les questions concemant l'usage des terres. De plus, la concession spatiale d'une zone uniforme unique présente des difficultés considérables. Pour ces raisons, il semble futile de recommander le boulversement nécessaire pour adapter la gestion cǒtière au Canada de façon absolument systématique. Il serait particulièrement peu réaliste à ce stade de créer un organisme général unique pour diriger les différentes fonctions d'un large système de gestion cǒtière. Il faudra done maintenir dans une grande mesure l'unifonctionnalisme dans le cadre du système actuel d'administration maritime, mais l'urgence de nombreux problèmes concernant les ressources cǒtières exige beaucoup plus de coordination entre les organismes, coordination qui devrait constituer une priorité nationale. Pour ce faire, on a proposé initialement la création de trois commissions de zones cǒtières. Elles auraient pour mandat de dégager et d'évaluer les besoins administratifs des zones cǒtières dans les différentes régions, afin d'influencer les débats politiques aux trois niveaux gouvernementaux et peut-ětre aussi au niveau international. Chacune des commissions aurait aussi pour function de faire des recommandations aux organismes affiliés afin de formuler d'autres mesures applicables à l'avenir.     

Governmental venture capital for innovative young firms

Governments around the world have set up governmental venture capital (GVC) funds, and are increasingly doing so, with the aims of fostering the development of a private venture capital industry and to alleviate the equity capital gap of young innovative firms. The rationale and the appropriateness of these programs is controversial. In this paper, we borrow from the recent literature on entrepreneurial finance to document the evolution and to compare the effects of the different types of governmental support. In contrast with a lack of success in some countries, there have been successful GVC initiatives, such as the Australian Innovation Investment Fund. Consequently, the proper design of the investment processes of GVC funds is an urgent topic for scholars and policy makers.