Committee Parliamentary Specialization Index. Explaining MPs’ specialisation in the Spanish Congreso de los Diputados*

ABSTRACT

Nowadays legislatures are largely based on committee systems. This enables a division of work and specialisation, in the context of highly complex politics and policy development. It seems clear that MP specialisation in the field of the committee they serve on is an important political asset, both for MPs and their parliamentary party group. This paper presents the Committee Parliamentary Specialization Index. This index measures the degree an MP is specialised in the jurisdiction of the committee they serve on. In the second part of the paper, the index is applied to the Spanish Congreso de los Diputados, an interesting case for testing this multi-faceted index, to find institutional, political and individual factors that better explain the degree of MP specialisation.     

办理制售伪劣商品犯罪案件的难点及对策研究

当前,我国制售伪劣商品犯罪案件呈高发势头,不仅损害了国家利益,扰乱市场经济秩序,危害百姓生命健康和财产安全,更降低了我国商品的国际信誉度。我们首先分析了制售伪劣商品犯罪案件的现状,指出伪劣食品、药品及农资产品犯罪案件属多发案件,且涉案金额巨大,社会影响恶劣;其次总结了制售伪劣商品犯罪活动具有危害后果严重,有组织、专业化作案趋势明显,作案手段狡猾、隐蔽性强等特点,并从定性难、查实犯罪金额难、掌握犯罪网络难和排除干扰难四个方面分析了办理制售伪劣商品犯罪案件存在的难点问题,在此基础上提出了相应的解决对策。     

Teacher Turnover in the Context of Teacher-Directed Violence: An Empowerment Lens

ABSTRACT

Teacher turnover is a significant issue in education that negatively affects students’ academic performance and instructional continuity. While multiple factors impact turnover, the effects of violence directed against teachers on turnover have rarely been explored. The current study examines the extent to which (dis)empowerment applies to teachers who experienced incidents of violence and related intentions to leave their positions. The study includes 403 teachers from a national survey examining teacher-directed violence and teachers’ most upsetting experiences with violence. Using content analysis, results indicated teachers endorsed low levels of empowerment dimensions including status, autonomy and decision-making, and impact. Further, disempowerment was associated with turnover intentions and decisions. Future directions for research, practice, and policy are considered to increase empowerment and prevent turnover following incidents of violence.