Negotiating a Korea – EU free trade agreement: easier said than done

A number of countries have chosen recently to shift away from an exclusive support to trade multilateralism and towards regional or bilateral trade agreements. Being no exceptions in this respect, the Republic of South Korea and the European Union have engaged in a bilateral FTA negotiation in early 2007. The objective of the paper is to account for the unexpected difficulties encountered in the negotiation. The paper starts with a brief overview of the trade and investment relations between the two partners and underlines the complementarity between the two partners, as well as their respective offensive and defensive interests. As a next step, the paper delves into the “politics” of the FTA negotiation with a view to highlighting the motivations and objectives of the various partners involved. It comes to the conclusion that the major reason why the negotiation turned out to be more complex than initially expected relates to the two partners’ diverging views as to what a discriminatory FTA should imply.     

Intensity and Breadth of Participation in Organized Activities During the Adolescent Years: Multiple Associations with Youth Outcomes

The goal of this study was to examine initial levels and rates of change in the intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years, and how these participation practices were related to youth outcomes in later adolescence. The main objectives were (a) to examine growth curves of intensity and breadth of participation from Grades 7 through 11 and their interrelations, and (b) to test the associations between these dimensions of participation and academic orientation, risky behaviors, internalizing problems, and civic development in Grade 11. A homogenous sample of 299 youth (mean age = 13.37, SD = .41; 62% girls) were surveyed annually using questionnaires and phone interviews. The main results revealed that (a) even though both intensity and breadth of participation decreased over time, intensity of participation showed steeper declines by later grades, and (b) initial levels of participation were better predictors of later outcomes than rates of change over time. Regardless of the levels of change taking place over time, results revealed that youth with high initial levels of participation (both intensity and breadth) were more committed to school and developed more positive values towards society by Grade 11 than those who participated less. This might suggest that a high level of participation during early-to-mid-adolescence is particularly important when it comes to later outcomes.     

A General Empirical Law of Public Budgets: A Comparative Analysis

We examine regularities and differences in public budgeting in comparative perspective. Budgets quantify collective political decisions made in response to incoming information, the preferences of decision makers, and the institutions that structure how decisions are made. We first establish that the distribution of budget changes in many Western democracies follows a non-Gaussian distribution, the power function. This implies that budgets are highly incremental, yet occasionally are punctuated by large changes. This pattern holds regardless of the type of political system—parliamentary or presidential—and for level of government. By studying the power function's exponents we find systematic differences for budgetary increases versus decreases (the former are more punctuated) in most systems, and for levels of government (local governments are less punctuated). Finally, we show that differences among countries in the coefficients of the general budget law correspond to differences in formal institutional structures. While the general form of the law is probably dictated by the fundamental operations of human and organizational information processing, differences in the magnitudes of the law's basic parameters are country- and institution-specific .     

Operationalizing cultural citizenship: towards a concept of culture regime*

This paper contributes to the study of cultural citizenship by laying the foundations for a concept of culture regime. Depicting culture as a malleable concept that encompasses both particularistic and universalistic elements, the paper emphasizes the potential of the concept of culture regime to bridge those of citizenship, language and ethnicity regime. While presenting narrow conceptions of culture as ethnic identity as a defensible compromise in the context of comparative empirical research, the paper discusses how the study of culture regimes could integrate broader approaches to culture by incorporating other forms of cultural claims and identities that go beyond ethnic traits. In doing so, the paper aims to promote an inter-disciplinary dialogue on cultural citizenship, arguing that some of the differences in cross-disciplinary approaches to culture owe to methodological rather than ontological considerations.     

Pursuing performance and maintaining compliance: Balancing performance improvement and accountability in Ontario's public health system

This article examines the compatibility between performance improvement and compliance‐based accountability in the implementation of a new system of public health performance management in Ontario. Findings from this mixed‐method study show that only minor elements of performance improvement get incorporated into pre‐existing compliance‐based accountability structures, that reinforcement of accountability structures works to the detriment of performance improvement intentions, and that limiting managerial influence in developing performance measures and targets diminish the utility of information for improvement. The study concludes that achieving a better balance requires an alternative to top‐down decision making that goes beyond consultation to include partnership.     

Disappointments of post-colonialism

Jean-Fran?ois Revel is a French writer and philosopher. He is the author of Without Marx or Jesus, The Totalitarian Temptation,and How Democracies Perish.     

Les politiques de régulation et le modèle d'Edelman: une analyse en fonction de la santé dans l'industrie de l'amiante

Sommaire. Le centre d'intérêt de cet article réside dans les politiques de regulation. Il s'agit de mettre à contribution un modèle théorique des politiques de régulation peu utilisé, soit celui de Murray Edelman, en l'expérimentant sur une politique elle aussi négligée des chercheurs, soit l'intervention de l'Etat en matière de santé au travail. Pour des raisons essentiellement d'ordre pratique, nous concentrons notre analyse sur la régulation de l'empoussiérage dans l'industrie primaire de l'amiante au Québec. Quant au modèle d'Edelman, qui postule que les politiques de régulation sont symboliques, il est disséqué et résumé sous forme de trois propositions principales. La première explique pourquoi l'Etat entreprend d'élaborer une politique de régulation; la deuxième montre comment s'exerce cette politique de régulation; et, la troisième s'applique à dégager les conséquences réelles de cette politique de régulation sur ceux en fonction de qui elle existe. Notre examen empirique de chacune de ces propositions nous amène à conclude que seule la deuxième est vérifiée quant au fond, de façon relativement satisfaisante (cette proposition affirme que l'organisme régulateur sera dominé par ceux qu'il veut contrôler). Ainsi notre étude de cas vient supporter un courant de pensée très influent parmi les analystes des politiques de régulation. En dernier ressort, nous tentons de mettre en relief ce qui nous est apparu comme étant l'idée la plus originale du modèle des politiques de régulation d'Edelman. Abstract. This article is primarily concerned with regulatory policies. Murray Edelman's little-used theoretical model for regulatory policies is experimentally applied to the policy of state intervention in the field of industrial health, one which has also been neglected by researchers. For practical purposes, we have concentrated our analysis on dust-control regulations in Quebec's primary asbestos industry. Edelman's model, which postulates that regulatory policies are symbolic, has been broken down and summarized within three main propositions. The first explains why a government attempts to draft a regulatory policy; the second shows how such a policy is applied; the third is concerned with the actual consequences of this policy for those affected by it. Our empirical examination of each of these propositions leads us to conclude that only the second can be substantially verified in a satisfactory manner (this proposition avers that the regulatory agency will be dominated by those it wishes to control). To this extent our case study provides support for a theory which is highly influential among regulatory policy analysts. Finally, we have attempted to highlight the most original idea in Edelman's model of regulatory policies.