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161.
Soares-Vieira JA Billerbeck AE Iwamura ES Zampieri RA Gattás GJ Munoz DR Hallak J Mendonca BB Lucon AM 《Journal of forensic sciences》2007,52(3):664-670
ABSTRACT: The incidence of rape has increased, especially in metropolitan areas, such as the city of São Paulo. In Brazil, studies about it have shown that the majority of this type of crime is committed by the relatives and persons close to the victim. This has made the crime more difficult to be denounced, as only 10% of the cases are reported to competent police authorities. Usually, cytological exams are carried out in sex crime investigations. The difficulty in showing the presence of spermatozoa is frequent, but it does not exclude the presence of male DNA. The absence of spermatozoa in material collected from rape victims can be due to several factors, including the fact that the agressor suffers from azoospermia. This condition can be the result of a successful vasectomy. As the majority of DNA in the ejaculation sample is from spermatozoa, there is much less DNA to be analyzed. This study presents the application of Y‐STRs (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) in DNA analysis of sperm samples from 105 vasectomized men. The study demonstrated a great variation in DNA concentration. DNA extraction and amplification was possible in all sperm samples even in the absence of spermatozoa. The same profile was observed, for each individual, from DNA extracted from blood, pre‐ and postvasectomy semen samples. The use of markers specific for Y chromosome in sex crime cases, especially in the absence of spermatozoa, is very important, mainly because in most situations there is a small quantity of the agressor's DNA in the medium and a large quantity of the victim's DNA. 相似文献
162.
Most studies that relate coping strategies with psychological symptoms usually consider a single coping dimension. This means that interpretation of the results is unclear and only partially true as subjects activate different types of coping strategies simultaneously when faced with a stressor. The objective of the present study is to analyze the relationships between coping and psychopathology in young inmates, taking into account the number of approach and avoidance answers simultaneously. The results show that the inmates with above-average scores in avoidance coping and below average in those of approach (coping responses inventory--adult form, [CRI-A]) show higher symptomatology (MMPI-2) than the inmates who obtain above-average scores in both avoidance and approach strategies. It can be deduced that it is not the high use of avoidance coping that is related to psychopathology, but rather the combined use of many avoidance strategies and few approach strategies. The convenience of jointly taking into account both types of coping is discussed. 相似文献
163.
Spanish legislation against trafficking in human beings: punitive excess and poor victims assistance
Francisco Javier De León 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,54(5):381-409
The article seeks to provide a perspective of human trafficking as one of the fastest growing criminal activities of the last
few years in the area of organised crime and one that affects human beings’ most basic rights. In the main, the response to
the problem has been its criminal prosecution, but without tackling the issues of need that underlie this conduct and which
the traffickers take advantage of to abuse, assail and exploit the people they traffic. In this context, the evolution of
Spanish legislation in terms of the criminalisation of this problem has made it one of the most repressive, although there
is no clear evidence of its effectiveness. This punishment, which covers a wide range of criminal conducts, has not however
been accompanied by any policies to support and integrate the victims of trafficking, which has led to a large number of victims
being subjected to slavery who, in the majority of cases, fall under the control of the trafficking networks again. 相似文献
164.
165.
Francisco Ramos Romeu 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2010,30(3):267-300
Preliminary measures adopted early in litigation are crucial for plaintiffs, given existing court delays and changing economic
environment, but can also harm a blameless defendant. Therefore, some form of regulation is needed to minimize the harms that
can result and discard non-optimal measures. Law and economic scholars have suggested that courts should control requests
for preliminary measures, but this form of regulation fails to explain existing legislations, both in civil law and common
law countries. This article argues that non-optimal preliminary measures can be more efficiently filtered through a strict
liability regime, and that their judicial control should be residual. 相似文献
166.
Luís de Sousa 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,53(1):5-22
The anti-corruption activity of the 1990s is characterized by the rise of new players, such as specialized anti-corruption
bodies. Anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) are public bodies of a durable nature, with a specific mission to fight corruption
and reducing the opportunity structures propitious for its occurrence in society through preventive and/or repressive measures.
Independently of their format and powers, ACAs encounter various constraints to their mandate, which explains the meagre results
obtained by some of them. This introductory paper tries to understand the rise, future, and implications of this new kind
of “integrity warrior” and to locate them in the evolving doctrine of corruption control. The objective of this edited volume
is to re-launch the debate on ACAs as the most innovative feature of the anti-corruption movement of the last two decades. 相似文献
167.
Thaís Torralbo Lopez Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic Edgard Michel-Crosato 《Science & justice》2010,50(3):119-122
Bite mark analysis in forensic dentistry presupposes that the human dentition is unique and that its characteristics can be transferred precisely to several materials. The aim of the present study was to register the frequency of missing anterior teeth in the Brazilian adult population, discussing its potential importance in bite mark analysis. Data from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey were used; 13,431 male and female individuals aged 35 to 44 were examined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. The analysis of Poisson regression was performed in order to calculate the rating ratios and the respective confidence interval at 95%. A total of 13,431 adults participated in the study. Among male individuals, 2063 (47.00%) were dentate and 2036 (46.40%) had at least one missing tooth. Only 254 (5.83%) were totally edentulous. A significant number of males and females presented 6 missing teeth in the same dental arch, revealing the poor state of oral health of adult Brazilians. Missing teeth were more frequent in the upper dental arch than in the lower arch. In the upper dental arch, the incisor group (central and lateral) was missing the most. In the lower dental arch, however, a certain lack of homogeneity was observed among the different dental groups as regards missing teeth. White individuals presented a smaller proportion of missing teeth compared to the other ethnic groups. Females were 1.61 (CI 1.50–1.73) times more likely than males to present missing teeth. The absence of upper teeth and the presence of lower teeth were observed in 16.10% of the individuals. Further research should also include an analysis of different age groups. This would increase the potential of applying this kind of information to bite mark analysis. 相似文献
168.
169.
Miguel Manuel Melo Mnica Carvalho Virgínia Lopes Maria Joo Anjos Armando Serra Duarte Nuno Vieira Jorge Sequeiros Francisco Corte-Real 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2010,4(5):e153-e157
Angola is located in the African continent, in the area of southern Africa and has a population of approximately 14 million inhabitants. The Angola population has origin from Occidental and Southern Bantu people that came from the great lakes region, creating the most ever known African migration of our days.Allele frequencies for the 15 STRs loci in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, HUMTH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, HUMVWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, HUMFIBRA/FGA and including the segment of the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin) were studied for Angola population.The genotype frequency of the 15 STR loci showed no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations and great values for the combined power of discrimination and combined power of a priori exclusion validate the application of these markers in forensic genetics. Comparative analyses between Angola population data and other relevant population database from Africa, Europe and American are presented. 相似文献
170.
Evaluation of a Freezer Mill for Bone Pulverization prior to DNA Extraction: An Improved Workflow for STR Analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Emely Morales Colón M.S. Mireya Hernández M.S. Mariel Candelario M.S. María Meléndez B.S. Tracey Dawson Cruz Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(2):530-535
Traditional methods for bone pulverization typically generate heat, risking stability of DNA sample. SPEX? has developed cryogenic grinders which introduce liquid nitrogen to cool the sample and aid in the grinding process. In this study, the Freezer Mill 6970 EFM was used with two DNA extraction methods and routine downstream STR analysis procedures. DNA from as little as 0.1 g of bone powder was used to develop full STR profiles after freezer mill pulverization, and the method was reproducible. Further, no contamination was detected upon cleaning/reuse of the sample vials. There were no significant differences in DNA yield, STR alleles detected, or peak heights using the freezer mill as compared to traditional grinding, and successful DNA profiles were achieved from as low as 0.1 g of bone powder with this method. Overall, this work indicates that this cryogenic mill method may be used as a viable alternative to traditional tissue grinders. 相似文献