Unexpected natural death secondary to intra-abdominal bleeding: report of one idiopathic spontaneous intraperitoneal hemorrhage case

A 39-year-old woman was found dead at home. She was single, foreign national, chronic alcoholic, and had given shelter to a compatriot for three days. This man found the deceased in her bed, after a night of heavy drinking. The emergency medical team observed numerous recent blue ecchymoses of the upper limbs. Because of the unclear circumstances, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered by the public prosecutor. Massive hemoperitoneum was diagnosed with no visible internal traumatic injury. Autopsy revealed hepatic and pancreatic abnormalities secondary to chronic alcoholism, which were confirmed by pathological study. The source of the hemoperitoneum was not identified despite careful visceral and vascular examination. The authors concluded that death was secondary to idiopathic spontaneous hemoperitoneum or abdominal apoplexy. The forensic literature on unexpected death due to massive nontraumatic intra-abdominal hemorrhage in association with liver cirrhosis is sparse, with only five cases reported, including the present case.     

Nasal aperture shape evaluation between black and white South Africans

The purpose of this study was to combine morphoscopic and metric analyses to assess variation in nasal aperture size and shape of black and white South Africans. Thirteen landmarks were digitized from the bony nasal region of 152 crania using an electromechanic instrument for geometric morphometric (general procrustes analysis) and craniometric analyses. Elliptical Fourier analysis was used to assess shape of the nasal aperture via outlines applied through photographs. Both principal component and discriminant function analyses were applied to these statistical methods. Black South Africans were classified 95-96% correctly and white South Africans were classified 91-94% correctly. In a four-way analysis of sex and ancestry, classification accuracy ranged from 56 to 70%. Most misclassifications were between the sexes within each group which suggests an absence of sexual dimorphism. This study found that there is quantifiable variation in shape of the nasal aperture between black and white South African groups using all three statistical methods. In forensic application, standard craniometrics can be used to accurately classify an unknown person.     

The suitability of using domestic pigs (Sus spp.) as human proxies in the geophysical detection of clandestine graves

Research in many forensic science fields commonly uses domestic pigs (Sus spp.) as proxies for human remains, due to their physiological and anatomical similarities, as well as being more readily available. Unfortunately, previous research, especially that which compares the decompositional process, has shown that pigs are not appropriate proxies for humans. To date, there has not been any published research that specifically addresses whether domestic pigs are adequate human proxies for the geophysical detection of clandestine graves. As such, the aim of this paper was to compare the geophysical responses of pig cadavers and human donor graves, in order to determine if pigs can indeed be used as adequate human proxies. To accomplish this, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) responses on single and multiple pig cadaver graves were compared to single and multiple human donor graves, all of which are in known locations within the same geological environment. The results showed that under field conditions, both GPR and ERT were successful at observing human and pig burials, with no obvious differences between the detected geophysical responses. The results also showed that there were no differences in the geophysical responses of those who were clothed and unclothed. The similarity of the responses may reflect that the geophysical techniques can detect graves despite what their contents are. The study implications suggest that experimental studies in other soil and climate conditions can be easily replicated, benefiting law enforcement with missing persons cases.     

再论《奉俄协定》

《奉俄协定》是苏联政府为了落实其在《中苏协定》中关于共管中东铁路权益,与以张作霖为首的奉系集团所签订的协定.该协定的签署不仅开了苏联与中国地方当局订立协约的先河,同时对中苏关系乃至整个远东地区形势的发展产生了重大影响.奉直两个军阀集团之间的关系走向直接影响了奉苏交涉谈判进度和《奉俄协定》的签署,但该协定作为主权国与地方当局签订的协约有违于国际法的规定.     

Dating of Inkpad Seals Using the Extraction Rate Method: Preliminary Findings

Inkpad seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, three different brands of inkpads and four different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A double‐solvent extraction method was employed to date the inkpad seals by comparing extraction rates with inks of known age. Cyclohexane was selected as a weak solvent, and chlorobenzene was selected as a strong solvent. After testing, curves were created to show the relationship between the extraction percentage of ink and the date of the seals. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate method was applicable for the relative dating of inkpad seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 6 months.     

破产语境下应收账款质权的保护与限制

破产法平衡保护应收账款质权人和其他利害关系人权益。评价质权人在破产程序中的优先权及其顺位时,原则上应遵循登记在先、顺位在先规则;第三债务人抗辩和抵销权的行使应受保护,在接到通知前取得的反对债权得对出质人行使抵销权,但违背破产法禁止抵销的除外;出质人应维持基础交易合同的效力,否则对质权人不发生效力,但基础交易合同的相对方依法行使合同法上的解除、终止等权利,或者出质人的管理人行使破产解除权则不受此限制;以将有债权出质的,出.质人破产时新增将有债权是否纳入质物范围,应根据不同类型区别对待;质权人行权应受破产程序的约束,但质权人可通过私力救济方式实现债权,当第三债务人破产时,行权有其独特规则。     

破产语境下应收账款质权的保护与限制

破产法平衡保护应收账款质权人和其他利害关系人权益。评价质权人在破产程序中的优先权及其顺位时,原则上应遵循登记在先、顺位在先规则;第三债务人抗辩和抵销权的行使应受保护,在接到通知前取得的反对债权得对出质人行使抵销权,但违背破产法禁止抵销的除外;出质人应维持基础交易合同的效力,否则对质权人不发生效力,但基础交易合同的相对方依法行使合同法上的解除、终止等权利,或者出质人的管理人行使破产解除权则不受此限制;以将有债权出质的,出.质人破产时新增将有债权是否纳入质物范围,应根据不同类型区别对待;质权人行权应受破产程序的约束,但质权人可通过私力救济方式实现债权,当第三债务人破产时,行权有其独特规则。     

The European Union as an opportunity: structures and uses of European soft law in French,Austrian and Irish eHealth policies

Abstract

Does European soft law matter? In order to answer this question, the article investigates the processes through which the European Union (EU) affects domestic politics and policies in the eHealth sector in France, Austria and Ireland. More precisely, it shows how the hardening of EU soft law creates a new rationale for the use of European instruments by domestic actors, thus expanding their strategic opportunities for policy making at the national level. Despite the empirical diversity of the cases, similar patterns of variation in Europeanisation mechanisms emerge over time, and the data show how the varying structure of European soft instruments (i.e. their degrees of ‘hardness’) accounts for these changes. This comparative analysis includes multiple process-tracing cases of eHealth public policy making in France, Austria and Ireland in which Europeanisation processes are at work.