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Research Summary
By drawing from psychology and economics, we present an experimental evaluation of a procedural justice training program designed to “slow down” police officers’ thought processes during citizen encounters. We find that officers who were randomly assigned to participate in training were as engaged in the community as similarly situated officers, but they were less likely to resolve incidents with an arrest or to be involved in incidents where force was used. These changes were most evident among officers who worked in areas with a modest level of risk.Policy Implications
Police officers who are actively engaged with the public can reduce crime through general deterrence and by arresting criminals. Nevertheless, excessive discretionary arrests and the use of force by officers can reduce public trust in the police. To date, there is scant evidence as to how police departments can successfully train officers to balance enforcement and public trust in the field. Through our study, we demonstrate that a relatively minor supervisory intervention may cause substantive changes in how police and citizens interact with each other. 相似文献474.
Geoffrey C. Barnes Lindsay Ahlman Charlotte Gill Lawrence W. Sherman Ellen Kurtz Robert Malvestuto 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2010,6(2):159-189
The Philadelphia Low-Intensity Community Supervision Experiment provides evidence on the effects of lowering the intensity
of community supervision with low-risk offenders in an urban, US county community corrections agency. Using a random forests
forecasting model for serious crime based on Berk et al. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 172(Part 1), 191–211, 2009, 1,559 low-risk offenders were identified and randomly assigned to either standard or reduced frequency of mandatory office
visits. Treatment as assigned was substantially delivered at 4.5 probation visits per year versus 2.4, for as long as offenders
remained on active probation or parole. In a one-year follow-up for all cases, outcomes examined were the prevalence, frequency,
seriousness and time-to-failure of arrests for new crimes committed after random assignment was implemented. No significant
differences (p = .05) in outcomes were found between standard and low-intensity groups. Non-significant differences for offense seriousness
favored the low-intensity group. We conclude that lower-intensity supervision at the tested level of dosage can allow fewer
officers to supervise low-risk offenders in the community without evidence of increased volume or seriousness of crime. 相似文献
475.
Governments are constantly attempting to use their tax systems for purposes other than the collection of revenue. Each such use entails difficult decisions of both design and administration. Consideration of a tax-based policy that might reduce wage inflation—a so-called TIP—serves to reveal the wide range of difficult choices that need to be made. In addition to problems of measuring the behavior of the tax payer who is to be benefited or penalized, the analyst must settle on such questions as whether the program should be permanent or temporary, whether it should emphasize rewards or punishments, and whether it should be administered by existing government agencies or by special agencies. None of these problems is insuperable. But lurking behind all of them is the question whether, is the end, the chosen policy will actually contribute to reducing wage inflation. 相似文献
476.
Following the disastrous reign of James II, the Bill of Rights was introduced to curb future arbitrary behaviour by the Crown. Five of the thirteen Articles are still active and cases illustrating their use in the courts are described. The courts have enforced the requirement for parliamentary consent to taxation and the ban on the executive's power to suspend statutes but have been less strict over the dispensing power. Article 9, on parliamentary freedom of speech, is in active use, and developments in Australia and Canada are reviewed. Scotland's own legislation - the Claim of Right - is discussed briefly. Most of the Bill probably does not apply to Northern Ireland. Opinions vary on the Bill's importance but in the author's view it is still a potent force. 相似文献
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