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841.
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George Jotham Kondowe 《Commonwealth Law Bulletin》2020,46(2):314-330
This paper investigates the possibility and efficacy of identifying core obligations that should apply to all States in the implementation of Economic and Social Rights (ESRs). The paper acknowledges that ESRs are largely resource dependent, require progressive realisation and that States differ in their level of economic development. However, the paper finds that while the above factors are worth considering, they do not wholly offer reasonable justification to dismiss the core obligations approach. First, the paper examines the core obligations approach. This is followed by the discussion on why this approach should apply to all States. Thereafter, the discussion turns to objections that have been levelled against the core obligations approach. The paper attempts to offer responses to such criticisms. The paper then concludes with the view that although the approach has its challenges, it offers a good conceptual starting point towards the fulfilment of ESRs in domestic jurisdictions. 相似文献
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George E. Biles 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(5):627-647
This article analyzes the origins of industrial welfare — a concept of gaining employees’ loyalty by offering them various paternalistic benefits such as meal facilities, medical care, recreational programs, and educational opportunities. Industrial welfare programs in the United States shaped the personal lives, morals, education, and work habits of generations of American labor. The article provides evidence that industrial welfare was started at the National Cash Register Company of Dayton, Ohio. The president of the National Cash Register Company, John Henry Patterson, personally instituted policies and procedures that revolutionized and reformed the practice of management in industrialized settings. As a result of Patterson's initiatives, he is known as the “Father of industrial welfare.” 相似文献
845.
Over the past three decades, the industrialized world has witnessed four resilient social trends: (1) the consistent erosion
of union-membership; (2) an increase in income polarization and inequality; (3) a dramatic resurgence in popular protest;
and (4) a steady rise in public and private policing employment. In this paper, we examine the relationship between these
trends by theorizing and operationalizing the notion of the “industrial reserve army” and a series of related tenets in order
to conduct an international (N = 45), empirical test of a nascent Marxian model of policing. By treating total policing employment as an empirical barometer
of bourgeois insecurity we find that this insecurity is conditioned by two elements of Marxian political economy: (1) relative
deprivation (income inequality) and (2) the rise of an industrial reserve army (manufacturing employment and unemployment).
Second, while surplus value and labour militancy (strikes and lockouts per 100,000 population) rise along with union membership,
the presence of higher rates of unionization appears to ameliorate the need for more policing in all but post-USSR countries.
While unions assist in checking the immiseration of workers through labour actions, union membership is nonetheless inversely
correlated to policing employment, giving credence to the Marxian idea that while unions help mitigate against the exploitation
workers, they also act as “lieutenants of capital,” performing an essential policing function under capitalism. 相似文献
846.
This paper reexamines whether fiscal decentralization constrains Leviathan government. Using panel data for Pennsylvania, we compare actual property tax rates to the Leviathan revenue-maximizing rates for municipalities, school districts, and counties. Using spatial econometric methods we also estimate the degree of spatial dependence at the three levels of local government. We find that fiscal decentralization results in stronger intergovernmental competition and lower tax rates. We also find evidence of collusion among school districts that exhibit high interdependence but also high tax rates. This calls into question the current literature??s blind use of spatial dependence as a measure of intergovernmental competition. 相似文献
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Maravgakis G Tzatzarakis MN Alegakis AK Stivaktakis PD Tsatsakis AM 《Forensic science international》2012,218(1-3):106-110
Long term exposure to organophosphate pesticides can be evaluated by quantitative analysis of their non-specific metabolites in hair matrix. The aim of this study was to determine whether these metabolites can be internally incorporated into the hair of rabbits exposed to diazinon and chlorpyrifos. The influence of dose and dose duration of each pesticide dosage were investigated. Three groups of rabbits were exposed to different dosages of diazinon (3.0 and 6.0mg/kg/day) and chlorpyrifos (18.0mg/kg/day) via drinking water. Hair samples were collected every month and analyzed for diethyl phosphate (DEP) and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean concentrations of the low-dose treated group, ranged from 112 to 257pg/mg for DEP and from 295 to 515pg/mg for DETP in hair. The high-dose treated group demonstrated a range of mean concentrations from 142 to 585pg/mg for DEP and from 406 to 988pg/mg for DETP in hair. For the chlorpyrifos treated group, the concentrations ranged from 138 to 1070 for DEP and from 554 to 886pg/mg for DETP. Analysis revealed the incorporation of these metabolites into the rabbit hair in a dosage and dose duration-dependent manner. These data confirms the ability of using hair analysis for diethyl phosphates to assess long-term OP exposure. 相似文献