Forensic Considerations for Preprocessing Effects on Clinical MDCT Scans

Manipulation of digital photographs destined for medico‐legal inquiry must be thoroughly documented and presented with explanation of any manipulations. Unlike digital photography, computed tomography (CT) data must pass through an additional step before viewing. Reconstruction of raw data involves reconstruction algorithms to preprocess the raw information into display data. Preprocessing of raw data, although it occurs at the source, alters the images and must be accounted for in the same way as postprocessing. Repeated CT scans of a gunshot wound phantom were made using the Toshiba Aquilion 64‐slice multidetector CT scanner. The appearance of fragments, high‐density inclusion artifacts, and soft tissue were assessed. Preprocessing with different algorithms results in substantial differences in image output. It is important to appreciate that preprocessing affects the image, that it does so differently in the presence of high‐density inclusions, and that preprocessing algorithms and scanning parameters may be used to overcome the resulting artifacts.     

科学发展观视域下的公共政策创新

为适应创新型国家建设、构建和谐社会的需要,公共政策必须及时创新。科学发展观为公共政策理念创新、内容创新和政策手段创新指明了方向。因此,在实现公共政策创新目标的过程中,政策主体必须深入学习与实践科学发展观,实现政策理念的转变;废旧立新并举,实现政策内容的切换;创新政策运行机制,实现政策目标的转换。     

农村“公共池塘”资源治理中的集体行动困境与制度分析——基于安徽桐城市青草镇黄砂资源过度采集问题的个案研究

奥斯特罗姆提出的自主治理制度为中国农村“公共池塘”资源治理中的集体行动困境的研究提供了一种新的思路.文章以安徽省桐城市青草镇黄砂资源过度采集可能导致的溃坝危险问题作为案例研究对象,基于奥斯特罗姆提出的自主治理理论,在2012年对安徽省桐城市青草镇进行了实地调研,分析了该地区黄砂资源过度采集问题出现的原因,总结了村民在黄砂资源过度采集制度中的合作困境,尝试进行理论阐释,同时提出解决该区域黄砂资源过度采集问题的治理建议,探讨建立黄砂资源采集制度的可能性,即相对于政府的直接经营和管理,相关利益各方为主体多方参与的自主治理制度可能更有效率,以期对于扩展我们对农村“公共池塘”资源治理中的集体行动困境和村民自治的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

Movers and stayers: mobility patterns among senior public servants in Canadian provinces

Abstract: There has developed in Canada a well‐established literature on bureaucratic elites at the federal level. There has not, however, been a systematic study of bureaucratic elites at the provincial level. While individual scholars have studied particular provincial governments, there have been few studies that covered more than one province. This paper, which analyses a census of assistant deputy ministers and deputy ministers in every Canadian province between 1988 and 1996, considers the mobility of these top two levels of the senior public service. The findings indicate that there has only been a slight decline in the number of senior public servants as governments have downsized. The findings also show that, unlike at the federal level, there is limited mobility among these senior public servants, with roughly one‐third of them changing each year. In some provinces, mobility levels increase slightly in the year after an election. Levels of mobility and changes in the number of senior public servants also vary across provinces, but there is no pattern based on the size of the province. Finally, there are important differences in the mobility depending on the type of department. In particular, in departments where there is a core knowledge or skill, mobility levels are much lower than in departments that lack such a core. These findings throw some light on the difficulties provinces may have in solving some of their more intractable policy problems. Sommaire: Il existe au Canada une bibliographie solidement implantée concernant les elites bureaucratiques au niveau fédéral. Il n'y a pas eu, par contre, d'étude systématique concernant les élites bureaucratiques au palier provincial. Des chercheurs ont analysé un gouvemement provincial à la fois mais peu d'études ont examiné plus d'une province à la fois. Dans cet article, qui analyse un recensement de sous‐ministres adjoints et de sous‐ministres dans chaque province du Canada entre 1988 et 1996, nous examinons la mobilité des ces deux niveaux supérieurs du fonctionnariat. Face aux réductions d'effectifs gouvernementaux, le déclin du nombre de hauts fonctionnaires semble avoir été léger. On constate aussi que, à l'encontre du palier fédéral, il y a une mobilité limitée chez ces derniers, environ un tiers changeant chaque année. Dans certaines provinces, le taux de mobilité augmente légèrement l'année qui suit une élection. Les taux de mobilité et l'évolution du nombre de hauts fonctionnaires varient aussi d'une province à l'autre, mais la taille de la province ne semble pas être un facteur déterminant. Enfin, il y a des écarts de mobilité importants selon le type de ministère. Notamment, les ministères exigeant des connaissances ou des aptitudes particulières ont des taux de mobilité très inférieurs à ceux des autres. Ces constatations mettent en relief les difficultés auxquelles peuvent se heurter les provinces lorsqu'elles essaient de régler certains de leurs problèmes les plus ardus en matière de politiques.     

论民族文化的发展特性与动力--兼及区域经济与民族振兴

民族性与时代性、涵延性与主导性、兼容性与选择性等民族文化发展特性问题是学术理论界讨论的热点;从理论与历史的交叉视角来看,有必要深刻系统地认识中华民族传统与文化发展的动力之间的关系;应关注民族文化发展与区域经济振兴,各民族自身的经济文化发展和区域民族经济的共同振兴,这是当今我国实现现代化的关键问题.     

资本市场与国有经济的战略性调整

对国有经济进行战略性调整,离不开金融的支持和资本市场的运作,包括利用资本市场减持国有股份、筹集国有企业资本金、实施债权转股权以及促进国有企业资产结构的优化组合等。发展我国的资本市场,当前要着重解决好国有资产存量的上市流通问题;要大力发展投资银行业务,为国有企业资本结构调整服务;要建立健全地方性产权交易市场,促进国有中小企业的产权转让与流通。     

The Redirection of US Foreign Strategy against the Background of Globalization

American foreign strategy has had strong continuity since World War Ⅱ despite differences among successive presidents.Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign revealed ideas and goals for US strategy and strategy adjustment that differ significantly from those of predecessors.The decline in relative gains and rise in cost for US involvement in globalization are reasons for Trump to redirect US foreign strategy.The relative decrease of both US trade and foreign direct investment in the US,amid security threats and the identity crisis of the American people,has tremendously increased the pricetag for US involvement in globalization.