Associations Between Police Work Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Examining the Moderating Effects of Coping

The role of coping in the association between stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not clear. We investigated the effects of active and passive coping strategies on the associations between police stress (administrative and organization pressure, physical and psychological threats, and lack of support) and PTSD symptoms in 342 police officers. Linear regression model was used in the analyses. The association between physical and psychological stress and PTSD symptoms was stronger in officers who used lower active coping (B?=?4.34, p?<?0.001) compared to those who utilized higher active coping (p_-interaction?=?0.027) (B?=?1.79, p?≤?0.003). A similar result was found between lack of support and PTSD symptoms (p_-interaction?=?0.016) (lower active coping, B?=?5.70, p?<?0.001; higher active coping, B?=?3.33, p?<?0.001), but was not significantly different comparing the two groups regarding the association between administrative and organizational pressure and PTSD symptoms (p_-interaction?=?0.376). Associations of total stress, administrative and organizational pressure, and physical and psychological stressors with PTSD symptoms were significantly stronger in officers who utilized higher passive coping (p_-interaction?=?0.011, 0.030, and 0.023, respectively). In conclusion, low active or high passive coping methods may exacerbate the effect of work stress on PTSD symptoms.     

隐名出资的法律关系及其效力认定

投资者向公司隐名出资的行为,本质上是一种法律行为,对其性质和效力的认定应关注当事人的意思表示。我国实务中,大多数隐名出资人都有独享投资收益并保留实质控制权的内心意思,对此,依其他当事人是否知情,分别构成被代理人身份不公开的代理关系或隐名代理关系。相关的法律规则亦应以此为基础进行构建。     

理性、务实完善刑事辩护制度

刑事诉讼法再修改正在全力推进,完善刑事辩护制度势在必行。刑事诉讼法应明确规定控方的举证责任,并由此进而规定犯罪嫌疑人享有沉默权,确立犯罪嫌疑人、被告人与律师的会见一般不受限制、监控的原则,赋予犯罪嫌疑人、被告人及其辩护律师知悉控方证据的权利;重新界定辩护人的职责,取消辩护人应当承担举证责任的要求,并增加和强化程序辩护的内容,承认侦查阶段律师的"辩护人"身份和地位;强化刑事法律援助制度,以突破刑事辩护的现实瓶颈。