Jordan and The Peace Process

The following speech by HRH Crown Prince Hassan of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was delivered by Jawad Anani, Minister of State for Prime Ministry Affairs, in Washington, D.C., on September 26,1994, at a meeting sponsored by the Middle East Policy Council.     

Meeting the challenge: state revenue raising

Recent trends in state tax revenue reveal that overall reliance of states on taxes have been declining for the last 43 years. Faced with reduction in tax revenues, states have restructured their tax systems to meet public demand for more services. State income taxes are the one type of tax that has risen consistently. What causes state policy makers to rely on this type of tax? This research addresses this question.     

The GC/MS analysis of some commonly used non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in urine

All the commonly used non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), except mefenamic acid, when extracted from the pharmaceutical dosage forms or the urines of users, and derivatized by silylation and then analysed by GC/MS, gave the mono- or the di-trimethylsilyl derivatives (depending on the number of derivatized groups in the drug) as the sole products. Mefenamic acid gave a mixture of products. When extracted from pharmaceutical dosage froms or from the urines of users, and analysed by GC/MS without derivatization, some of the NSAIDs were separated and detected as the unchanged molecules as the sole products, while others were separated and detected in altered forms as sole products or mixtures, depending on: (a) the solvent in which the extract was dissolved for injection into GC/MS, (b) the chemical structure of the drug, and (c) specifically for diflunisal, the presence or absence of potential methylating and/or acetylating agents on the GC column and/or septum. The main thermally-induced reactions of the underivatized NSAIDs included (i) methyl ester formation at the COOH group when the extract was dissolved in methanol, (ii) decarboxylation (i.e., loss of CO2), (iii) dehydration (i.e., loss of H2O) when the chemical structure permitted, such as for diclofenac, and (iv) cleavage at a carbon-heterocyclic nitrogen bond when one is present in an NSAID. Heating the urine in approximately 2 M HCl at 100 degrees C for 30 min, has been found to be a satisfactory means for effecting hydrolysis of the NSAIDs glucuronide conjugates. No metabolites, resulting from aromatic-ring hydroxylation, have been detected in urine for any of the NSAIDs studied.     

Freedom of association in labour relations in the context of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maqasid</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">al</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shari’ah</Emphasis> principles

Labour relations are an important chapter in economic and industrial development. Labour relations are divided into personal employer-employer relationship and collective relationship between employer and trade union. The collective relationship forms the core of the employees’ right to freedom of association. This article discusses the right of employees to freedom of association including the right to strike from the Islamic perspective. The Islamic principles applicable in this context are Maqasid-al-Shari’ah (the higher objective of Islamic law), Haqq and Jama’ah (the functional concepts in Islamic law). Freedom of association in labour relations which is basically a western concept suits the three Islamic principles and the Islamic principles are in line with the ILO standards and European law. This article is written by using pure legal research method, i.e. adopting a content analysis approach with the Islamic sources such as the Qur’an and Hadith as a point of reference.