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121.
122.
Howard Elcock 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(4):35-49
This paper describes considerations which attempt to identify suitable applications of prototype advanced information technology (IT) systems within United Kingdom (UK) local government. A ‘task‐analysis’ was undertaken of the activities of the departments within a large UK local authority. The resultant data was then matched, through a theoretical model, with the characteristics of these advanced IT systems. It was concluded that a low risk, low cost system should be implemented within the training function associated with a number of departments. The empirical study was undertaken within Manchester City Council (MCC) which is considered representative of local government. It is believed, therefore, that many of the issues described in this paper may be of value to other authorities nationally. 相似文献
123.
This paper provides rigorous evidence (for 12,130 participants in a series of naturally occurring randomized lotteries) that a large‐scale high school reform initiative (New York City's creation of 100+ small high schools of choice between 2002 and 2008) can markedly and consistently increase high school graduation rates (by 9.5 percentage points overall and for many different student subgroups) for a large population of educationally and economically disadvantaged students of color without increasing annual school operating costs. These findings are directly relevant to current debates by policymakers and practitioners about how to improve the educational prospects of disadvantaged students in the United States. 相似文献
124.
Howard Brody 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2009,37(3):451-460
Presently, the pharmaceutical industry funds about half of the costs of continuing medical education (CME) programs in the U.S. This contributes to the ethical problems that pervade the relationship between medicine and the pharmaceutical industry: trustworthiness and conflicts of interest. The problems are exacerbated by rationalizations prevalent on both sides that deny the ethical concerns. Commercialism and commercial bias are highly visible at large CME gatherings, and available data, while scanty, back up the view that physician attendees' subsequent prescribing practices are influenced by the commercial message. The industry believes that it will recoup $3.56 in increased sales for every dollar that it invests in CME. New guidelines instituted by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) in 2004 may succeed in reducing excessive commercial influence, especially since the Department of Health and Human Services has also warned the industry of possible anti-kickback violations if firewalls are not erected between CME funding and marketing of drugs. Critics counter that early indicators of improvement are lacking. 相似文献
125.
Ian Howard Dennis 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2009,3(1):29-49
The article reviews recent developments in England in the law of necessity as a defence to crime and calls for its further
extension. It argues that the defence of necessity presents the criminal law with difficult questions of competing values
and the ordering of harms. English law has taken a nuanced position on the respective roles of the courts and the legislature
in the ordering of harms, although the development of the law has been pragmatic rather than coherently theorised. The law
has granted necessity some scope as an exculpatory principle in the law of general defences, but it has also respected the
primacy of the legislature as the legitimate arbiter of many of the competitions of value that necessity throws up. The recognition
of necessity has not been in the form of a single unified defence of that name. Rather it has taken the form of a number of
defences, based on a principle of necessity, but with different nomenclature and different rationales. This approach to necessity
is defended as right in terms of principle and policy. Any further development of necessity as a general defence should be
restricted to two contexts, namely those of emergencies, and of conflicts of duty, where a danger of death or serious injury
is present.
相似文献
Ian Howard DennisEmail: |
126.
A developmental validation study based on recommendations of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) was conducted on a multiplex system of 10 Cannabis sativa short tandem repeat loci. Amplification of the loci in four multiplex reactions was tested across DNA from dried root, stem, and leaf sources, and DNA from fresh, frozen, and dried leaf tissue with a template DNA range of 10.0-0.01 ng. The loci were amplified and scored consistently for all DNA sources when DNA template was in the range of 10.0-1.0 ng. Some allelic dropout and PCR failure occurred in reactions with lower template DNA amounts. Overall, amplification was best using 10.0 ng of template DNA from dried leaf tissue indicating that this is the optimal source material. Cross species amplification was observed in Humulus lupulus for three loci but there was no allelic overlap. This is the first study following SWGDAM validation guidelines to validate short tandem repeat markers for forensic use in plants. 相似文献
127.
Mechthild Prinz Asako Ishii Andrea Coleman Howard J. Baum Robert C. Shaler 《Forensic Science International Supplement Series》2001,120(3)
A series of validation experiments was performed for a Y chromosome specific STR multiplex system following the suggestions made by the Technical Working Group DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM). The multiplex PCR products were detected on Perkin-Elmer 373 and 377 automated sequencers using two labeling colors. No problems regarding the stability, robustness and sensitivity of the Y STR multiplex were observed. Mixture studies revealed a cut off rate similar to autosomal STRs for mixtures of male DNAs and no interference of any female admixture. The comparison of the Y STR results to the autosomal typing results for 56 nonprobative semen stains and swabs, showed a slightly higher success rate in detecting the semen donor’s alleles for the Y STR multiplex. Two examples are shown to illustrate the usefulness of Y STR typing for DNA mixtures. In one case the Y STR results confirmed an isolated exclusion; in the other case, the interpretation of a mixture was clarified since the Y STR results proved the presence of DNA from at least two semen donors. Y STR typing is a valuable addition to the forensic DNA testing panel. 相似文献
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How did advocacy at each level of the federal judiciary help shape the leading decision in American law of treason? This article, adapted from a forthcoming biography of Judge Harold R. Medina, is a case study based on Justice Department archives and the personal papers of Medina, Charles Fahy, and seven Supreme Court Justices. It analyzes the whole case, from the lawyers’standpoint, to illuminate the role of counsel in transforming a minor wartime incident into the first treason case decided on the merits by the Supreme Court and the tribunal's only decision during World War II to limit constitutional war powers. Accenting litigation strategy and the use of history in constitutional interpretation, it is a story also of the struggle by counsel on both sides of the case to uphold high professional standards amid the passions of total war. 相似文献