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71.
This study examines the role of the People’s Armed Police (PAP) in Chinese policing. While the PAP has been in existence for
over five decades, very little research has paid attention to the critical position that the PAP occupies in Chinese policing.
The history of the PAP between 1949 and 1982 was highlighted by a number of changes in name and a constant change of direct
control between the military and the public security. The PAP experienced a great expansion and became more stabilized in
organizational structure and missions after 1983. While it is part of China’s military forces, the PAP is currently involved
in a wide variety of law enforcement, order maintenance, and service activities. Its law enforcement function is carried out
chiefly through preventive patrol in urban areas. The most important order maintenance function shouldered by the PAP is the
disposition of mass incidents, which have increased dramatically in number and size and have become better organized over
the past two decades. The Chinese government also often mobilizes the PAP to undertake emergency rescue and disaster relief
tasks. The PAP will continue to be a critical force in the Chinese police system. Its leaders as well as the government should
seek ways to improve the legitimacy of the force. 相似文献
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Ivan Sascha Sheehan 《Peace Review》2014,26(1):121-128
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Ivan Illich 《新观察季刊》2009,26(4):80-89
Because of his groundbreaking critique of mass industrial society in such books as Energy and Equity, Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, Toward a History of Needs and Deschooling Society Ivan Illich was considered a founding thinker of the alternative and ecological movements, the prophet of an "era of limits."
This conversation took place at Illich's rustic retreat in Ocotopec, Mexico, in the spring of 1989. (The title of the second chapter of Al Gore's 1992 book, The Earth in Balance is taken from this interview—"The Shadow Our Future Throws.")
Illich was no armchair witness but lived what he preached. In the early 1990s he developed a large tumor that protruded from his right temple. Claiming the right not to be a patient but to "die without diagnosis" as part of "hygienic autonomy," he was never treated, smoking opium to ease the pain over his last years. He died—without diagnosis—in 2002 in Bremen, Germany. 相似文献
This conversation took place at Illich's rustic retreat in Ocotopec, Mexico, in the spring of 1989. (The title of the second chapter of Al Gore's 1992 book, The Earth in Balance is taken from this interview—"The Shadow Our Future Throws.")
Illich was no armchair witness but lived what he preached. In the early 1990s he developed a large tumor that protruded from his right temple. Claiming the right not to be a patient but to "die without diagnosis" as part of "hygienic autonomy," he was never treated, smoking opium to ease the pain over his last years. He died—without diagnosis—in 2002 in Bremen, Germany. 相似文献
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Irene Henriques Bryan W. Husted Ivan Montiel 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2013,32(2):296-322
We compare the environmental performance of voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) with different attributes. Using club theory, we argue that the differential performance of VEPs is due in part to their specific design attributes that will either enhance or diminish their ability to improve both targeted and untargeted environmental impacts. We analyze two VEPs in Mexico, the global standard ISO 14001 and the local standard Clean Industry. These two VEPs differ in the stringency of the standards and in their ability to sanction noncompliant facilities. These differences ensure that firms adopting the local standard are less likely to shirk their responsibilities and enhance potential spillover effects on untargeted environmental emissions. Our empirical results support our hypotheses and show that the local Clean Industry program is more effective in improving both targeted (toxic emissions) and untargeted environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions). 相似文献