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921.
Michael E. Price 《Social Justice Research》2008,21(2):228-240
Two books edited by members of the MacArthur Norms and Preferences Network (an interdisciplinary group, mainly anthropologists
and economists) are reviewed here. These books in large part reflect a renewed interest in group selection that has occurred
among these researchers: they promote the theory that human cooperative behavior evolved via selective processes which favored
biological and/or cultural group-level adaptations as opposed to individual-level adaptations. In support of this theory,
an impressive collection of cross-cultural data are presented which suggest that participants in experimental economic games
often do not behave as self-interested income maximizers; this lack of self-interest is regarded as evidence of group selection.
In this review, problems with these data and with the theory are discussed. On the data side, it is argued that even if a
behavior seems individually-maladaptive in a game context, there is no reason to believe that it would have been that way
in ancestral contexts, since the environments of experimental games do not at all resemble those in which ancestral humans
would have interacted cooperatively. And on the theory side, it is argued that it is premature to invoke group selection in
order to explain human cooperation, because more parsimonious individual-level theories have not yet been exhausted. In summary,
these books represent ambitious interdisciplinary contributions on an important topic, and they include unique and useful
data; however, they do not make a convincing case that the evolution of human cooperation required group selection. 相似文献
922.
923.
924.
JAMES A. INCIARDI ANNE E. POTTIEGER MARY ANN FORNEY DALE D. CHITWOOD DUANE C. McBRIDE 《犯罪学》1991,29(2):221-235
There is mounting evidence that HIV infection among adolescents is increasing, particularly among minorities and inner-city youths involved in certain high-risk activities, such as multiple sex partners and intravenous drug use. Interviews conducted “on the street” with 611 seriously delinquent male and female adolescents (ages 12–17) included questions about their involvement in prostitution, intravenous drug use, and sex-for-crack exchanges. Findings included high percentages of youths engaged in these HIV-risk activities and a consistent association between all of them and greater illicit drug use. This would suggest that these risk behaviors may be surprisingly prevalent among some inner-city adolescent groups. Special AIDS prevention/intervention targeting these groups is warranted and urgently needed. Drug treatment should be a central focus of such programs. 相似文献
925.
A simple and reliable previously reported extraction procedure has been extended to the analysis of a wide range of basic and neutral drugs in postmortem blood and other tissues. The method employs 200 microliters of blood treated with water and ammonia and extracted with diethyl ether. The concentrated extract is generally sufficiently clean for direct analysis by gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. Recovery, precision and linearity data are presented for selected drugs. 相似文献
926.
The alleles present at the HLA DQ alpha locus may be typed by either allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probing or by restriction mapping, referred to here as amplification restriction fragment polymorphism (ARFP) analysis. ASO typing relies upon hybridization principles, whereas ARFP typing relies upon restriction site analysis. Dot-blot ASO typings which are of doubtful interpretation may be directly checked by ARFP analysis. Aliquots of the PCR products amplified using the commercial Amplitype HLA DQ alpha system are digested with suitable restriction endonucleases. Electrophoresis, blotting and detection of biotin-labelled restriction fragments provides a sensitive and robust typing method suited to forensic analysis. 相似文献
927.
Family violence and Asian drinkers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This is a study of 70 consecutive referrals to the Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, for treatment of drinking problems. There were 31 Chinese and 39 Indian drinkers, with 63 males and 7 females. Family violence with physical abuse occurred in 21 cases (30%). One of three wives of drinkers had been physically abused, but no children were victims. Drinkers with family violence were generally younger and more severely dependent on alcohol than the non-violent drinkers. There was no relationship between family violence and the ethnicity or marital status of the drinkers. 相似文献
928.
William E. Forbath 《Law & social inquiry》1991,16(1):1-34
For most of the 19th century, the labor movements of England and America seemed to be developing along similar lines. Then, in the decades around the turn of the century, both movements were embroiled in a common battle over the political soul of trade unionism. In England, the champions of broad, class-based social and industrial reforms prevailed. In the United States, they lost, and the winners were the voluntarists, who held that labor should steer clear of politics as much as possible. This article suggests that the key reasons for the divergence lie not in the sociology of the working class or labor movement, so much as in the character of the state and polity and the lessons trade unionists drew from experiences in those arenas. The difference between judicial supremacy in the United States and parliamentary supremacy in England combined with other differences in the two nations'forms of government to produce sharply contrasting lessons about the value of state-based reforms. 相似文献
929.
930.
J E Muscat M S Huncharek 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1991,12(2):105-110
An epidemiological study was conducted to characterize adult, domestic homicides committed with firearms and to determine the role of alcohol intoxication in the likelihood of becoming a homicide victim. Data on 129 homicides in Ohio occurring between 1982 and 1985 were collected from police departments of major cities, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections, and county medical examiners. Forty-eight offenders were interviewed. Temporal and geographical patterns are discussed, as well as offender-victim relationships and the characteristics of the firearms used. High levels of blood alcohol in the victims suggest that alcohol is a risk factor for becoming a homicide victim, although data on alcohol consumption patterns in the population are necessary to advance this association. 相似文献