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881.
Criticism of forensic science, particularly that of bitemark analysis, has become increasingly common in the last decade. Much of the criticism directed at forensic odontology cites cases where miscarriages of justice have occurred when erroneous, over-confident or even false bitemark evidence has been tendered by odontologists. Despite Australia's own experience with such cases in the past, it is postulated that this does not represent the true nature of bitemark analysis as practiced by odontologists today-at least in this country. A review of 119 cases from the last 10 years confirms that 'identification' of a suspect is rarely, if ever, offered, and that conclusions reached by odontologists with respect to bitemark analysis are generally conservative. However, the results of this study also indicate that in a small but significant proportion of cases, there is still some tendency to reach conclusions that could be considered over-confident when considering the overall quality of the physical evidence offered. It is suggested that odontologists should avoid making conclusive remarks regarding the origin of the mark, or the identification of a perpetrator, when such comments are realistically precluded, given the low evidentiary value of the mark itself. 相似文献
882.
Tana McCoy Patti Ross Salinas Jeffrey T. Walker Lance Hignite 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(4):562-579
The majority of research examining prosecutorial discretion has focused on legal factors such as the seriousness of the offense or the extra-legal characteristics of the accused including race/ethnicity and gender. The amount of variance explained by court researchers, however, remains quite low. The present study extends previous research examining the primary determinants of prosecutor??s decision to dismiss or fully prosecute focusing on driving while intoxicated cases. We focus on the predictive contribution of the strength of evidence relative to legal and extra-legal variables. The data consist of 2,358 driving while intoxicated cases filed in Harris County, Texas during the first 8?months of 1999. The findings strongly support the inclusion of strength of evidence variables in court research and further suggest their past omission may have attributed significance to spurious relationships. 相似文献
883.
Policies and practices in countries do not exist in a vacuum. There are many sources of ideas for change. One of the most important is exposure to foreign ideas through international scholarly exchange. This article briefly reviews the history and causes that have contributed to this process with scholars from the People??s Republic of China who have chosen to obtain doctorates in the United States and study Criminology and/or Criminal Justice. In particular, over the past two decades, close to two dozen scholars have come to the United States to earn masters and PhD degrees in the fields of Criminology/Criminal Justice or related fields. This article uses a survey methodology to understand this complex process. 相似文献
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885.
Mary Jane Hogan 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》1979,38(3):291-305
The administrative system of England after the Norman Conquest has been described as "the adaptation of the ancient customary institutions of a decentralized system to the uses of [the Norman and Angevin kings'] highly centralized administration".1 It was complex, adaptable, efficient to a high degree, and constantly changing. It had only a few of the features of a modern bureaucracy, as "government" to the medieval man did not imply anything resembling the modern state and its workings. It meant the practical expression of the rights owed to the king by his subjects and the duties of the king to his people. Its chief functions were the raising of finance and the administration of justice. 相似文献
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889.
Michele Cranwell Schmidt Jane M. Kolodinsky Gwyneth Carsten Frederick E. Schmidt Mark Larson Cate MacLachlan 《Journal of family violence》2007,22(2):91-100
The Domestic Abuse Education Project (DAEP), in Burlington, Middlebury, and St. Albans, Vermont, is a group based domestic
abuse intervention program, based in a pro-feminist and cognitive-behavioral approach for domestic violence intervention and
prevention. A pre and post-test instrument was developed and implemented to determine short-term change in attitude of participants
and motivating factors to change behavior, after completing the twenty-seven session program. After the program, participants
reported a positive change in attitudes regarding their abusive behavior and stereotypical beliefs about women. Participants
were also more motivated to change their behavior by the effect abuse has on their family relationships. However, many participants
continued to agree that insecurity, jealousy, and alcohol and drug use can cause violence. The positive changes in attitude
and motivational factors show that this is an effective model in changing underlying batterer attitudes that provide rationale
for abusive behavior. 相似文献
890.
Simon C Moore Rochelle HarrisCynthia McDougall Jane Clarbour 《Journal of criminal justice》2003,31(6):497
Although the majority of the general population decides not to offend, a significant proportion decides otherwise. The research presented in this article explores whether offenders reason in manners that are comparable with a non-offender population, or if their decision to offend may be a consequence of inappropriate reasoning strategies. Psychologists have observed systematic deviations from logical predictions of reasoning behavior on a variety of tasks and that content specific information can have marked effects on reasoning behavior. Established reasoning tasks were adapted for use in a crime specific context to examine whether such biases were apparent in an offender population. Moreover, given a paucity of research into gender differences, the research conducted balanced for gender in a methodologically rigorous design. Data suggested that reasoning biases found with non-offender populations extended to an offender population and some interactions by gender and by offender group were noted. Implications of the results are discussed with suggestions on how the research may be extended and implications for policy. 相似文献