Ireland and the UN decade for women

The Irish Government has made little or no direct response to the UN decade for Women. The ‘convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women’ still has not been signed. This paper considers why the reticence persists and argues that women must insist that the Convention is signed by 1985.     

Hair analysis of opiates in mothers and newborns for evaluating opiate exposure during pregnancy

The increasing interest in toxicological hair analysis as a marker of human exposure to xenobiotics such as illicit substances or therapeutic drugs, has been made feasible by the extension of mass spectrometry, a highly sensitive method of detection. A newborn exposed to drugs in utero can suffer from a varying degree of withdrawal syndrome, a few days after birth. If of opiate origin, the withdrawal syndrome can be treated with morphine, among other therapeutics, but it is not easy to diagnose because of atypical symptoms presented by neonates and especially when maternal drug addiction has not been revealed. To assess and measure toxicological factors linked with the appearance and the severity of this syndrome, maternal and neonatal matrices such as urine, meconium and hair were collected during a protocol approved by the ethical committee. Opiates in particular were measured with GC-MS and potential combined dependences (cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, LSD and benzodiazepines) and/or substitutive therapeutics (methadone or buprenorphine) were also assessed in 17 mother/neonate couples. Gestational opiate exposure profiles were drawn up and linked with the observed withdrawal syndromes. A withdrawal syndrome seems to appear more frequently after foetal exposure to an association of opiates/substitutive molecules (8 out of 10 withdrawal syndromes observed in this study), although the impact of cocaine and benzodiazepines must also be taken into account. The results obtained in neonatal hair make it possible to affirm foetal drug exposure and are in accordance, for the majority, with the appearance of a neonatal withdrawal syndrome (NWS). Neonatal hair analysis could contribute to assess in utero exposure to opiates, particularly when results in urine and meconium are negative or when these matrices are not available.     

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and criminal/deviant behavior: a meta-analysis

A growing body of empirical literature has emerged examining the somewhat inconsistent relationship between maternal cigarette smoking (MCS) during pregnancy and children's subsequent antisocial behavior. To systematically assess what existing studies reveal regarding MCS as a criminogenic risk factor for offspring, the authors subjected this body of literature to a meta-analysis. The analysis reveals a statistically significant--yet rather small--overall mean "effect size" of the relationship between MCS and the likelihood children will engage in deviant/criminal behavior. In addition to being rather moderate in size, the MCS-crime/deviance relationship is sensitive to a number of methodological specifications across empirical studies--particularly those associated with sample characteristics. The implications of this modest, and somewhat unstable, relationship are discussed in terms of guidelines for future research on this subject and how existing theoretical perspectives may be integrated to explain the MCS-crime/deviance link.     

Can a party punish its faithful supporters? The Parti Québécois and public sector employees

Abstract: The paper examines the electoral consequences of the Parti Québécois' decision in the fall of 1982 to reduce expenditures by drastically cutting wages in the public sector. In so doing, the Parti Québécois was attacking a group which was part of its core clientele. The episode offers the possibility of testing the proposition that a party which ignores its faithful supporters is doomed to perish. The analysis shows that the measure cost the Parti Québécois a loss of seven percentage points among public sector employees; that the latter reacted as a group, their voting behaviour not being influenced by whether or not they were personally affected by the measure; and that the total net loss to the Parti Québécois was 1.5 percentage points. The paper argues that the measure was less costly than the theoretical literature might have suggested and that the move could have been a successful one had the whole policy been handled more shrewdly by the government. Sommaire: L'article examine les conséquences électorates de la décision prise à l'automne 1982 par le gouvernement du Parti québécois de réduire les dépenses en procédant à des coupes sévères dans les salaires du personnel du secteur public. Le Parti québécois s'attaquait ainsi à un groupe qui lui était traditionnellement acquis. Cet épisode de la vie politique permet de vérifier l'assertion suivant laquelle un parti qui néglige ses fidèles partisans est vouéà la disparition. L'analyse montre que cette mesure a coûté au Parti québécois une perte de 7 points de pourcentage dans le vote des employés du secteur public; que ces derniers ont réagi en tant que groupe, leur comportement au moment du vote étant le même qu'ils soient ou non personnellement affectés par la mesure; et que la perte nette totale du Parti québécois a été de 1,5 point. L'article indique que la mesure a été moins coûteuse que ce qu'aurait pu laisser penser la théorie et qu'elle aurait pu être un succès si le gouvernement avait géré toute la politique de façon plus astucieuse.     

Representation and voter participation

Abstract This paper presents results from a study of turnout in the 1994 European Parliament elections which inserted several new questions into the post–election Eurobarometer, including some open–ended questions. It distinguishes between circumstantial and voluntary abstention and shows how each type varies depending on the institutional arrangements for the election. Using both the subjective reasons given for abstention and a range of more objective measures of attitudes, it makes the case that conventional views as to the impact of Sunday–voting and the proportionality of the electoral system and as to the non–impact of attitudes to the European Union need to be modified. It concludes by identifying some practical institutional and political measures that could encourage higher levels of participation.