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While it is generally argued that threats of legal sanctions are more effective with offenders involved in economic crimes
than with delinquents committing more conventional crimes, such an affirmation rests on weak empirical evidence. Also, most
studies supporting this proposition were conducted with non-experimental designs, thus, undermining the interval validity
of the results. On the other hand, studies base their predictions on individual factors and do not incorporate contextual
factors. To overcome those limitations, a randomized field experiment was implemented in four insurance companies to incorporate
contextual factors into the dynamics of deterrence. This study assessed the effect of a written threat (a deterrent letter
reminding insured persons of the punishment for insurance fraud) on claim padding behaviours of insured persons filing claims
for residential theft. A deterrent-letter project was implemented in four insurance companies, with claims randomly assigned
to the experimental or the control group. Cases belonging to the control group were managed as usual, while individuals in
the experimental group received the written threat. The experimental design made sure that the deterrent stimulus was exactly
delivered to the insured persons when they had the opportunity to exaggerate the value of their claims. Findings demonstrate
that claimants in the experimental group were less likely to pad their claims than were those in the control group. The letter
was effective, regardless of the means of delivery. In conclusion, the administration of a written threat at the moment of
criminal opportunity appears to be an effective strategy for preventing economic crimes.
Etienne Blais graduated in 2005 at the University of Montreal, where he obtained a Ph.D. in criminology. He is an assistant professor at the School of Criminology and a researcher at the International Centre for Comparative Criminology, both located at the University of Montreal. He is also a researcher at the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec. His research interests include road safety, crime and injury prevention, insurance fraud and research methods in criminology. Jean-Luc Bacher graduated in Law at Fribourg University, Switzerland, is Professor of Criminology at the école de criminologie, University of Montreal and researcher at the Centre international de criminologie comparée (CICC) in Montreal. His research interests include white-collar crime, economic crimes, sentencing and deterrence. He is currently working as a magistrate at the Tribunal pénal féderal of Bellinzona, Switzerland, and his recent research has been focused on the Canadian apparatus against money laundering. 相似文献
Jean-Luc BacherEmail: |
Etienne Blais graduated in 2005 at the University of Montreal, where he obtained a Ph.D. in criminology. He is an assistant professor at the School of Criminology and a researcher at the International Centre for Comparative Criminology, both located at the University of Montreal. He is also a researcher at the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec. His research interests include road safety, crime and injury prevention, insurance fraud and research methods in criminology. Jean-Luc Bacher graduated in Law at Fribourg University, Switzerland, is Professor of Criminology at the école de criminologie, University of Montreal and researcher at the Centre international de criminologie comparée (CICC) in Montreal. His research interests include white-collar crime, economic crimes, sentencing and deterrence. He is currently working as a magistrate at the Tribunal pénal féderal of Bellinzona, Switzerland, and his recent research has been focused on the Canadian apparatus against money laundering. 相似文献
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Boccard J Badoud F Grata E Ouertani S Hanafi M Mazerolles G Lantéri P Veuthey JL Saugy M Rudaz S 《Forensic science international》2011,213(1-3):85-94
Anti-doping authorities have high expectations of the athlete steroidal passport (ASP) for anabolic-androgenic steroids misuse detection. However, it is still limited to the monitoring of known well-established compounds and might greatly benefit from the discovery of new relevant biomarkers candidates. In this context, steroidomics opens the way to the untargeted simultaneous evaluation of a high number of compounds. Analytical platforms associating the performance of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and the high mass-resolving power of quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometers are particularly adapted for such purpose. An untargeted steroidomic approach was proposed to analyse urine samples from a clinical trial for the discovery of relevant biomarkers of testosterone undecanoate oral intake. Automatic peak detection was performed and a filter of reference steroid metabolites mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values was applied to the raw data to ensure the selection of a subset of steroid-related features. Chemometric tools were applied for the filtering and the analysis of UHPLC-QTOF-MS(E) data. Time kinetics could be assessed with N-way projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (N-PLS-DA) and a detection window was confirmed. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (O-PLS-DA) classification models were evaluated in a second step to assess the predictive power of both known metabolites and unknown compounds. A shared and unique structure plot (SUS-plot) analysis was performed to select the most promising unknown candidates and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were computed to assess specificity criteria applied in routine doping control. This approach underlined the pertinence to monitor both glucuronide and sulphate steroid conjugates and include them in the athletes passport, while promising biomarkers were also highlighted. 相似文献