Until the latter part of the 1960s, the American public was inattentive to the problem of crime in the upperworld. Due to
a confluence of events (e.g., Watergate affair, Vietnam War, civil rights movement), concern about this lawlessness rose precipitously
in the 1970s. Public attention toward and willingness to punish white-collar crime has persisted into the twenty-first century.
We argue, however, that due to a series of recent scandals (e.g., Enron, WorldCom), public opinion about upperworld offenders
has been transformed qualitatively. High-profile offenders are now seen not as respected community citizens but as “bad guys”
whose crimes reflect inordinate greed and a disturbing lack of concern for victims. This typification is conducive to the
prosecution of white-collar offenders but may have the unanticipated consequence of deflecting attention away from structural
sources of corporate illegal enterprises. 相似文献
Judicial independence is generally accepted as a key component of the rule of law. It empowers judges to make unbiased decisions without concern for political repercussions. In countries governed by an unconstitutional, unlawful or corrupt regime, such as Zimbabwe,2International Bar Association Human Rights Institute, Zimbabwe: Report Highlighting the Critical Situation Faced by Judges and Lawyers in Zimbabwe (2001).View all notes Swaziland,3International Bar Association Human Rights Institute, Swaziland: Law, Custom and Politics – Constitutional Crisis and the Breakdown in the Rule of Law (2003).View all notes Pakistan4International Crisis Group, Building Judicial Independence in Pakistan (9 November 2004). Available at: www.crisigroup.org/home/index.cfm?1=1&id=3100, accessed 1 February 2010.View all notes and Fiji,5International Bar Association Human Rights Institute, Dire Straits: A Report on the Rule of Law in Fiji (2009).View all notes that independence, and in turn the rule of law, is threatened. More particularly, acceptance of judicial office in an unlawful regime could be regarded as making an implicit bargain with the government to recognise its validity.6See, in relation to Fiji, Chief Justice R. French, Judges in Fiji face ‘interim’ problem, The Australian (Sydney), 2 May 2008.View all notes
This article begins with a discussion of the importance of judicial independence, both from a national and an international perspective. It then examines the standards of judicial integrity and some of the factors that impact upon independence, including appointment and tenure, and the less obvious influence of jurisdiction. The article then moves on to consider the issues arising from acceptance of judicial office in an illegal regime in the context of Fiji, where lawyers and judicial officers have recently been forced to decide whether or not to accept appointment in a regime with an unelected government. After outlining the background to the latest events in Fiji, the article examines the competing considerations and ethical dilemmas involved in deciding whether to accept judicial appointment in an illegal regime. It then goes on to consider the possible repercussions of accepting such appointment from both a disciplinary and criminal perspective. 相似文献
The college population is at a heightened risk for stalking victimization; yet it is suggested that college administrators have ignored stalking while focusing on other types of crimes, such as rape. Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the amount of attention universities are giving stalking as a crime that is a risk for their students. Additionally, this paper considers what types of information, recommendations, and strategies for effective responses to this type of victimization (if any) universities are providing to their students. In order examine university responses to stalking, a sample of Florida universities were observed by searching each university’s web page on the Internet. The data obtained from the university websites were analyzed through content analysis. Overall, it does in fact appear that Florida universities are addressing stalking in some manner, and the information they are providing to students is consistent with the current academic research. 相似文献
Sequential lineups were offered as an alternative to the traditional simultaneous lineup. Sequential lineups reduce incorrect lineup selections; however, the accompanying loss of correct identifications has resulted in controversy regarding adoption of the technique. We discuss the procedure and research relevant to (1) the pattern of results found using sequential versus simultaneous lineups; (2) reasons (theory) for differences in witness responses; (3) two methodological issues; and (4) implications for policy decisions regarding the adoption of sequential lineups. 相似文献
The Transitional Case Management (TCM) study, one of the projects of the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS)
cooperative, was a multi-site randomized test of whether a strengths-based case management intervention provided during an
inmate’s transition from incarceration to the community increases participation in community substance abuse treatment, enhances
access to needed social services, and improves drug use and crime outcomes. As in many intervention studies, TCM experienced
a relatively large percentage of treatment-group participants who attended few or no scheduled sessions. The paper discusses
issues with regard to participation in community case management sessions, examines patterns of session attendance among TCM
participants, and analyzes client and case manager characteristics that are associated with number of sessions attended and
with patterns of attendance. The average number of sessions (out of 12) attended was 5.7. Few client or case manager characteristics
were found to be significantly related to session attendance. Clinical and research implications of the findings and of adherence
in case management generally are discussed. 相似文献
This paper presents the research methodology of an exploratory study interviewing human traffickers. Utilizing open-ended,
semi-structured qualitative interviews with traffickers, exploratory research was conducted in 2003. With an overall goal
of understanding the human trafficking phenomenon from the standpoint of those individuals who support, reproduce, and actively
work to sustain it, our research questions focused on how traffickers make sense of their position within the illegal market
of sex trafficking. Other thematic questions included characteristics and personal dimensions of the traffickers, reasons
they entered the business, their perceptions of the business, and their opinions of those they traffic. For the purpose of
this paper, we will address the difficulty and simplicity of conducting interviews with human traffickers. Information about
the research project in general, methods used, ethical considerations, and thematic scope will also be addressed with a final
discussion section highlighting advantages and disadvantages of methods used.
This article examines the psychological consequences of short- and long-term solitary confinement for prisoners in the United States subjected to administrative or disciplinary segregation. Particular attention is paid to the use of secure housing units, alternatively known as control units or supermax units. These correctional entities allow for the isolation of convicts under conditions that offer little sensory stimulation and minimal opportunities for interaction with other people. The circumstances typically found in these units and the heightened potential for the abuse of prisoners are described. The connections between internment and mental illness-as well as isolation and race, gender, and class-are explored. A set of recommendations for the reform of secure housing is presented. 相似文献
Most police lineups use a simultaneous presentation technique in which eyewitnesses view all lineup members at the same time. Lindsay and Wells (R. C. L. Lindsay & G. L. Wells, 1985) devised an alternative procedure, the sequential lineup, in which witnesses view one lineup member at a time and decide whether or not that person is the perpetrator prior to viewing the next lineup member. The present work uses the technique of meta-analysis to compare the accuracy rates of these presentation styles. Twenty-three papers were located (9 published and 14 unpublished), providing 30 tests of the hypothesis and including 4,145 participants. Results showed that identification of perpetrators from target-present lineups occurs at a higher rate from simultaneous than from sequential lineups. However, this difference largely disappears when moderator variables approximating real world conditions are considered. Also, correct rejection rates were significantly higher for sequential than simultaneous lineups and this difference is maintained or increased by greater approximation to real world conditions. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献