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Jochen Schumacher 《Natur und Recht》2007,29(1):76-76
Keine Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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The post mortem redistribution of ten commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs (APs) was investigated. Femoral blood was collected from 273 cases at admission to mortuary (AD) and at post-mortem (PM). The PM samples were collected at various times up to nine days after admission and the sample pairs analysed using LC-MS/MS. The drugs included in this study were 9OH-risperidone (paliperidone), amisulpride, chlorpromazine, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, promethazine, quetiapine, risperidone, and zuclopenthixol. Haloperidol, quetiapine and risperidone showed minimal changes between AD and PM specimens, whereas the majority of drugs showed significant changes between the sample pairs collected at different time points post mortem (p<0.01) in addition to an average concentration change greater than the uncertainty of measurement of the applied method. Average increases in blood concentrations after admission to the mortuary ranged up to 112% (chlorpromazine and olanzapine) but also decreases up to -43% (9OH-risperidone) were seen. There were large standard deviations between sample pairs and substantial day-to-day unpredictable changes that highlight the difficulty in the interpretation of drug concentrations post-mortem. Based on the presented data, we recommend that specimens for toxicological analysis should to be taken as soon as possible after admission of a deceased person to the mortuary in order to minimise the effects of the PM interval on the drug concentration in blood. 相似文献
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Olanzapine (OLZ) is amongst the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs and is associated with substantial instability. The aim of this study was to investigate the instability of OLZ and to identify the degradants formed from its breakdown. Three experiments were conducted to monitor the degradation of OLZ and the formation of degradants in blood (1), water (2), and post-extraction at 4 °C (3). All three sample sets were analysed in duplicate and repeated in the absence (A) and presence (B) of 0.25% ascorbic acid. One degradant was identified in sample sets 2A and 3A with m/z 329 and confirmed as 2-hydroxymethyl-OLZ (2-OH-OLZ) using LC-MS techniques. The addition of 0.25% ascorbic acid slowed the degradation of OLZ down in all three experiments and inhibited the formation of 2-OH-OLZ in sample sets 2A and 3A. To investigate the influence of oxygen on the degradation of OLZ and the formation of 2-OH-OLZ in water, an additional experiment (4) was conducted. Sample sets were prepared containing different vortexing or sonication steps in order to alter the oxygen content in the samples. Statistical analysis confirmed that degradation increased significantly following vortexing for 1 min while sonication did not affect the rate of degradation of OLZ further suggesting the involvement of oxygen in the degradative processes. 2-OH-OLZ was only identified as a degradant of OLZ in aqueous solutions. It also degrades over time but its product is currently unknown and is under investigation. 相似文献
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Parliamentary debates provide an arena where Members of Parliament (MPs) present, challenge, or defend public policies. However, the “plenary bottleneck” allows the party leadership to decide who participates in a debate. We argue that in this decision the timing of a debate matters: in proximity of elections, the leadership should be concerned with maintaining its brand name and therefore restrict floor access, in particular if the debate is salient for the respective party. We evaluate our hypotheses in a cross‐country study drawing on a novel data set covering all speeches given during one or two legislative terms in six European parliaments. We find that the electoral cycle matters for the distribution of speaking time: Party leaders do restrict parliamentary speechmaking to a smaller number of MPs at the end of the term. This has important implications for our understanding of parliaments as an electoral arena and for our understanding of intraparty politics. 相似文献
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Das Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH) prüft im Genehmigungsverfahren für Offshore-Windparks auf Grundlage der Antragsunterlagen die möglichen Auswirkungen, die das Vorhaben insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Seeschifffahrt und die Meeresumwelt haben kann. Die Konstruktion der Anlagen wird regelmäßig in einem gesonderten Zertifizierungsverfahren begutachtet (vgl. § 5 Abs. 2 SeeAnlV). In den bisher vorliegenden Genehmigungen
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hat das BSH als Genehmigungsbehörde lediglich abstrakt festgelegt, dass die Konstruktion und Ausstattung der Anlagen dem Stand der Technik entsprechen und die der Gründung dienenden Bauwerke von einer anerkannten Stelle zertifiziert sein müssen. Entsprechende Nachweise seien rechtzeitig vor Baubeginn vorzulegen. Diese Genehmigungspraxis des BSH begegnet im Hinblick auf neue Konstruktionstypen rechtlichen Bedenken. Aus der Genehmigung können über Nebenbestimmungen nur solche Details ausgeklammert werden, von denen die Erfüllung der Genehmigungsvoraussetzungen der SeeAnlV nicht abhängen kann.
1) Die Autoren sind Rechtsanwälte des Berliner Anwaltsbüros Gaßner, Groth, Siederer & Coll.2) Genehmigung des Offshore-Windparks Borkum-West vom 9. 11. 2001, des Offshore-Bürger-Windparks Butendiek vom 18. 12. 2002 sowie des Offshore-Windenergieparks Nordsee-Ost vom 9. 6. 2004. 相似文献
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