Extraction of diquat with 1-butanol from biological materials

Diquat can be extracted with 1-butanol from high pH solution in the presence of several moderate reductants. The red colored reduced compound of diquat in water turns to a purple compound in 1-butanol. The absorption of the purple compound is 0.105 at 383 nm and 0.119 at 520 nm in 1 microgram diquat/ml 1-butanol. The latter value is a little higher than that of the red compound at 495 nm in water. The purple compound is much more stable than the red compound in water. More than 80% of 10 ppm diquat added can be extracted from serum, blood, tissues, urine and some drinks. The extraction with 1-butanol is useful for concentration of diquat contained in large volume. The lower limit of detection is 0.1 microgram/ml 1-butanol. Paraquat is insoluble in 1-butanol under the same condition. Therefore, this method is applicable for the determination of diquat when paraquat is also contained in the solution.     

Left Realism: a defence

Conclusion Can anything be said in conclusion on the essence of the realist approach? It is important to end by restating that realism originates as a reaction, in current social and political conditions to the absences in radical criminology. These are the absence of a discourse about crime and a refusal to talk about the constructive as opposed to the destructive role of institutions of criminal justice. Realism rejects a utopian strategy of waiting for the state to whither away, knowing that we would only have to reinvent it if it did.The starting point for realism is the strategy of democratization. The maximization of democratic participation is ultimately the solution both to the problem of what is crime and to the problem of how to deal with it. The solution to the problem of criminal justice is the democratization of its institutions while at the same time recognising their necessary functions. The realist programme is concerned with the redrawing of the boundaries between and the transformation of the character of institutionsand communities in accordance with the values of socialist pluralism.     

Training for development management: Reflections on social know-how as a scientific and technological system

This paper explores the linkages between development, “appropriate” administrative technology and the training of development managers. In so doing, it traces the intimate relationships between development administration, conceptual paradigms and administrative know-how as a scientific and technological system. Orthodoxy, neo-orthodoxy and critical paradigms are discussed and a number of elements to reformulate a development administration paradigm are considered. Based upon this discussion the paper concludes with a tentative outline identifying training needs for development managers and a number of observations about such training: its “appropriatness”, professionalisation and the issue of international cooperation.     

Rapid isolation with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and wide-bore capillary gas chromatography of some butyrophenones

A simple and rapid method for isolation of five butyrophenones with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from human samples, and their wide-bore capillary gas chromatography (GC), are presented. The GC was made by both flame ionization and electron capture detections. The drugs contained in alkaline samples were directly applied to the cartridges and eluted with chloroform/isopropanol (9:1). The recoveries with use of the cartridges were excellent for most drugs in both urine and plasma samples. We can recommend the Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for isolation of butyrophenones because of simplicity and rapidity, and also wide-bore capillary GC because of high sensitivity and low decomposition of drugs during passage through the column.