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31.
Joshua T. Putnam 《Society》2016,53(5):493-497
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In this paper, we consider several features of teacher‐retention policies based on value‐added measures of effectiveness under a variety of empirically grounded rules and parameters. We consider the effects of policy design by varying the standard above which satisfactory teachers are expected to perform. We simulate recently adopted policies that remove teachers based on consecutive unsatisfactory performance and compare these to policies that remove teachers based on poor performance on average over a multiyear period. We also consider the precision of the performance measure and the underlying variation in teacher quality on policy effects. Finally, the simulation makes a step forward by incorporating recent empirical findings of a relationship between teacher quality and natural attrition from the profession. Our results indicate that deselection policies based on value‐added measures have the potential to improve teacher quality, although understanding the role of policy design, self‐selected exits, and the underlying variation in teacher quality is essential for determining policy effects. 相似文献
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Price EA Schueler H Perper JA 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2006,27(2):97-102
Subcutaneous injections of inert or quasi-inert plastic material designed to smooth out wrinkled skin or to create a more esthetically sought appearance have become very popular with the American public in general, and, in particular, with certain groups highly focused on their physical image. The case of the injection procedure has attracted into the field of plastic medicine a substantial number of illegal, incompetent, and unscrupulous operators. Their ignorance of involved medical risks and procedures not uncommonly results in severe complications, disfigurement, and death of patients. We report the typical pathological and chemical findings of a systemic fatal silicone embolism in a 53-year-old heterosexual woman following illegal chronic injections of silicone in her hips and buttocks. The injected subcutaneous silicone apparently migrated rapidly from the interstitial subcutaneous tissue into the general blood stream resulting in a fatal systemic silicone embolism. An analysis of the presented case in conjunction with a review of the pertinent medical literature, including a recent article, revealed a marked similarity in the clinicopathologic findings between silicone embolism and fat embolism. 相似文献
38.
Lowenstein JM Reuther JD Hood DG Scheuenstuhl G Gerlach SC Ubelaker DH 《Forensic science international》2006,159(2-3):182-188
In forensics and archaeology, it is important to distinguish human from animal remains and to identify animal species from fragmentary bones and bloodstains. We report blind tests in which a protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA) was used to identify the species of six bone fragments lacking morphological specificity and 43 bloodstained lithic tools, knapped experimentally and soaked in blood of known animal and human origin. The submitters of the bone fragments and the bloodstained tools each listed a number of possible species, from which the testers selected the best match with the pRIA results. All six bone fragments were correctly identified: three humans, a deer, a dog, and a cow. Forty-three tools were stained with blood from a wide variety of species including ungulates, carnivores, a fish, and a bird. On 40 of these 43, at least one species (or blood-free control) was identified correctly. Some of the tools were stained with blood of two different species. A mixture of sheep and musk ox blood was correctly identified; in several other mixtures, only a single species was detected. Two tools with human blood and one with human sweat were correctly reported as human. There was a single false positive (one of three controls reported as weakly bovine) and no false negatives. We conclude that the pRIA technique shows a high degree of accuracy in discriminating human from animal bone fragments and bloodstains and in identifying animal species. 相似文献
39.
Given growing concerns about the loss of farmland in the US, governmental and nonprofit groups are seeking innovative, cost-effective
methods to preserve lands that will elicit additional landowner participation. This article describes four innovative farmland
preservation techniques and derives implications for the policy process through interviews of key stakeholders: program administrators,
lawmakers, and landowners. Experts on farmland preservation were also interviewed to ensure stakeholder perceptions substantively
inform the policy process. Four techniques were selected for assessment from approximately 30 novel techniques. Reactions
to these policy options reflect stakeholder perceptions of a baseline condition; the perceptions help evaluate which options
are likely to survive the policy process and what attributes will lead to their acceptability because few of these techniques
have yet become policy. Although the stakeholders may have more limited experience with the policy process, land preservation
experts validated many of the results and the possibility of success in the “rough and tumble” of the policy process. Of the
four investigated techniques rights of first refusal was the most favored, although respondents thought effective implementation
would require careful targeting and a dedicated funding source. Experts agreed this technique was most likely to survive in
the political arena. Agricultural conservation pension was also viewed favorably, though it was considered administratively
difficult to implement. Several experts thought that, though inchoate, the pension plan could potentially be more cost effective
than rights of first refusal. Land preservation tontines were perceived to be an interesting concept, but confusing, difficult
to implement, and ill-defined. Term conservation easements were viewed unfavorably because they did not preserve land permanently.
相似文献
Lori LynchEmail: |
40.
Joshua D. Clinton 《American journal of political science》2012,56(2):355-372
Lawmaking studies and evaluations of competing accounts of policy change cannot easily assess the nature of policy change due to the difficulty of locating the status quo and proposals relative to the preferences of critical political actors. Focusing on activity involving the Fair Labor Standards Act, I investigate how the attempted and successful policy change between the 92nd Congress (1971–72) and the 106th Congress (1999–2000) compares to the predicted lawmaking activity according to dominant lawmaking models. Characterizing the incidence and magnitude of policy change over nearly 30 years reveals that policy change is rarer and smaller than current theories predict. Change occurs when the status quo is more extreme than the preferences of the pivot most supportive of the status quo according to supermajoritarian models, but there are many instances where similarly extreme status quos are left unchanged. Moreover, when change occurs, it exhibits a strong status quo bias and the outcome is often indistinguishable from the preferences of the pivot who most prefers the status quo. 相似文献