On either side of a moat? Elite and mass attitudes towards right and wrong

This article develops a cognitive institutionalist account of mass and elite evaluations of political ethics, which is tested on a new dataset from the United Kingdom. The analysis explores the extent of contemporary disagreement among British political elites and those they represent by comparing responses to questions asked in a representative survey of the public with similar questions asked of incumbent MPs and parliamentary candidates. There are systematic differences between members of the public, candidates and MPs at both aggregate and individual levels – differences which can be accounted for with reference to the framing effects of Parliament as an institution. Candidates for parliamentary office display significantly more tolerance of ethically dubious behaviour than other members of the public. Within the elite category, elected MPs exhibit more permissive ethical standards than those candidates who are unsuccessful.     

Consistency amid Change

I first came to China in 1982, three years after the reform and opening policy enabled individuals as well as tour groups to travel within the country, My first stop upon disembarking the ship I＇d sailed from Hong Kong to Shanghai was the local police station. There, a local official listed the places I intended visiting on an internal ＂passport.＂ Second was the bank, which exchanged my U.S, dollars for Foreign Exchange Certificates （FEC） - the currency mandatory for buying goods at the state Friendship stores.     

Green,Historical Forward-looking Jincheng

SHANXI Province,at thecenter of the Loess Pla-teau,is the acknowledgedcradle of the Chinese na-tion.Jincheng City in     

Restructuring Justice in Russia: A New Era of Challenges

This paper reviews the criminal justice system in Russia from historical and contemporary perspectives. The realities of greater liberalization and the dissolution of the Central Soviet Government will have a significant impact of the future criminal justice program. Based on a criminal justice delegation including meetings with Soviet criminal justice participants, it is argued that the Soviet will likely lean toward incorporating a more continental crime reduction ideology instead of a Western-style Common Law that emphasizes legal process rather than crime reduction.     

Ministers in Ulster: The Machinery of Direct Rule

Lord Windlesham Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords, was until recently Minister of State for Northern Ireland. This article is the revised text of a lecture he gave at The New University of Ulster on 26 April 1973. The lecture was delivered as one of a series of six, arranged by the Department of Social Administration at The New University, which have since been published as Occasional Papers. I would like to acknowledge the kindness of Professor H. Griffiths in agreeing so readily to the proposal to reproduce Lord Windlesham's contribution to this series of lectures in 'Public Administration'. (Hon. Editor.)     

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILITARY SERVICE AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR DURING THE VIETNAM ERA: A RESEARCH NOTE*

Throughout U.S. history, the military has played a role in the lives of a large proportion of the U.S. population. However, little research has focused on this topic, particularly in criminology. This study seeks to determine whether military service changes an individual's criminal behavior and/or whether the military provides another setting for the continuation of prior behavior. To address these questions, this study uses Wolfgang's 1945 Philadelphia birth cohort and Shannon's 1949 Racine, Wisconsin birth cohort data sets. Statistical methods were used to account for potential differences in selection and the presence of unobserved heterogeneity. Results suggest that military service reduces later offending in general. However, there is no significant effect of service on later violent behavior.     

EXTENDING SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY: MODELING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COHESION,DISORDER, AND FEAR*

In this study, we build on recent social disorganization research, estimating models of the relationships between disorder, burglary, cohesion, and fear of crime using a sample of neighborhoods from three waves of the British Crime Survey. The results indicate that disorder has an indirect effect on burglary through fear and neighborhood cohesion. Although cohesion reduces disorder, nonrecursive models show that disorder also reduces cohesion. Part of the effect of disorder on cohesion is mediated by fear. Similar results are obtained in nonrecursive burglary models. Together, the results suggest a feedback loop in which decreases in neighborhood cohesion increase crime and disorder, increasing fear, in turn, further decreasing cohesion.