The Analysis of Black Powder Substitutes Containing Ascorbic Acid by Ion Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry*†

Abstract: Black powder substitutes containing ascorbic acid are a group of low explosives that utilize ascorbic acid as the fuel. The analysis of these powders is complicated by the degradation of ascorbic acid which occurs rapidly in solution and may also occur as the powder ages. Aqueous extracts of both intact powders and postblast residues were analyzed by an existing ion chromatography/mass spectrometry (IC/MS) method used at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Results have shown that while ascorbic acid itself is not detected in this method, its diagnostic degradation products (threonic acid, monohydrated diketogulonic acid, and oxalic acid) can be identified. In addition, anions from the inorganic oxidizers (perchlorate and nitrate) and combustion products such as chloride, chlorate, and nitrite, can be identified within the same experiment. While this IC/MS method shows promise, future modifications are necessary because of limitations in identifying threonate in postblast residues, as well as coeluting compounds observed in postblast residues.     

China’s anti-graft campaign and international anti-corruption norms: Towards a “new international anti-corruption order”?

This article analyzes the growing impact of an increasingly powerful China on the evolution of norms governing the global fight against corruption. Combining insights into the diffusion of anti-corruption norms and China’s ‘two-way socialization’ into the international order with an analysis of the Chinese leadership’s internationalized anti-corruption campaign, it argues that China’s active involvement in the international fight against corruption is bound to challenge prevailing international ‘definitions’ and ‘solutions’ of corruption. Despite the considerable attention to supposed incompatibilities between ‘culturally insensitive’ Western anti-corruption efforts and conflicting Chinese cultural norms, the actual ‘China challenge’ to the international anti-corruption regime is much less a cultural than a political one. While China’s formal-legal anti-corruption system has been receptive to international socialization, China’s own contributions to international norm making are defined by the Party’s top-level leadership, which promotes a different set of anti-corruption norms. However, a coherent alternative ‘Chinese model’ of anti-corruption, akin to the globally propagated ‘China path’ for economic development and poverty reduction, is not yet in sight.     

《联合国反腐败公约》关于私营部门内腐败犯罪的规定及启示

我国虽然签署了《联合国反腐败公约》,但如何在立法、司法、执法等方面与该公约相衔接仍是亟待解决的问题。《联合国反腐败公约》中关于私营部门内腐败犯罪的规定,从私营部门内贿赂犯罪到侵财犯罪,将其与我国刑法现行规定进行了比较分析,以利于我国立法上的完善与借鉴。     

风险投资业是高科技产业崛起的关键

世界进入知识经济时代,高科技产业作为经济发展的第一支柱,成为经济增长的主动力.风险投资业也悄然兴起,作为发展高科技产业的催化剂,责无旁贷地成为使高新技术成果市场化、产业化的支持系统.     

新型城镇化背景下农村土地承包经营权流转的实践治理机制探索

城镇化的发展水平是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展程度的重要标志.党的十八届三中全会已作出了“健全城乡发展一体化体制机制”的决策.城镇化是一个系统工程,既要消除城乡内部的二元结构,促进工业生产创新和升级,又要重视新型城镇化建设中的中小城镇建设.在新型城镇化建设过程中,最重要的问题是调整农村土地要素,促进农村土地流转的健康有序发展.本文基于新型城镇化建设的时代要求,分析了农村土地承包经营权流转中存在的问题,探索了新型城镇化背景下农村土地承包经营权流转的实践治理机制.     

地理空间预测模型在以情报为导向的警务工作中的应用——以美国新泽西情报运作中心为例

构建地理空间预测模型是指根据犯罪分子有意识或无意识选择的喜好的空间信息,把成百上千个地理空间因素融合在一起,形成统计偏好相似性的地理空间模型。构建地理空间预测模型是以情报为导向的警务工作中所运用的一种新兴工作方法,是一种更为积极主动的预防犯罪的方法。     

社会主义新农村建设若干分歧观点综述

目前无论决策层、学术层还是基层实践者对实施建设社会主义新农村战略并无疑异。但在新农村建设的中心任务、切入点、组织依托以及解决“三农”问题的根本途径等问题上认识和主张不尽相同。对这些观点进行比较研究,对于达成共识,推动新农村建设的健康开展很有必要。