高校教师升等评审管制之司法审查——公法及大学自主性视野论之

我国司法实务对教师职务评审委员会所作之升等与否之决定,仍停留于内部管理行为及非具体行政行为之阶段;唯从我国之教育之立法管制政策、相关法令规定及对大学自主权之规范结构并无意将此评审行为视为特别权力关系之一部分,而拒绝司法审查。行政法学理论与实务之落差,不能不谓之为司法缺位。如果理论与实务之落差可以缩减,而消除行政法可以保护公民、法人或者其它组织合法权益但不可能得到行政诉讼法之全部保护之迷思,则我国迈入最高层之法治国境界不远矣。     

两岸紧急采购制度之比较分析

政府采购法乃是市场经济国家管理政府公共支出的一种基本途径，祖国大陆、我国台湾（以下简称“两岸”）均透过政府采购法规定相关政府采购行为，借以保障采购质量和有效控制预算支出并提升采购效率及效能，营造公平市场经济。近年来由于气候异常全球暖化现象世界各地灾情不断，台湾地区近年发生921大地震、莫拉克风灾、H1N1疫情蔓延等灾害；祖国大陆亦遭遇舟曲泥石流、四川汶川大地震，及各地发生之洪涝、旱灾等，接连考验两岸＇-3局危机应变能力，并彰显出紧急采购之重要性。在遭遇各种灾害紧急状况下，因应紧急采购所需，两岸均有制订相关法律规定。本研究比较两岸之紧急采购制度，并参照相关实务案例，说明台湾采购法实施偏重法治化，但辅以行政部门采购稽核作业，及监察部门的审计稽查，均可对采购作业进行防杜弊端，避免不法情事产生积极作用。祖国大陆在政府采购法规范下，则较偏向因地制宜之弹性方式实施，可因应不同之地方需求，快速反应并确实符合实际灾害抢救需求，惟需注意相关稽核制度之管控。     

“A CROSS-BURNING IS NOT JUST AN ARSON”: POLICE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HATE CRIMES IN BALTIMORE COUNTY*

Growing public concern over racial and ethnic conflict and a perceived increase in hate crimes during the 1980s have led to legislation expanding the scope of the law and the severity of punishment for such offenses and to police-initiated efforts to focus attention on hate crimes. Although a number of critiques have examined the legislative approach, little attention has been devoted to the police response. This article examines the rationale for a police initiative in addressing hate crimes; the characteristics of incidents labeled as such in one jurisdiction, Baltimore County, Maryland; and some of the problems in defining, identifying, and verifying bias motivation. Because about 40% of the offenses initially considered by the Baltimore County Police Department to be motivated by racial, religious, or ethnic (RRE) prejudice subsequently are not verified as RRE motivated, a closer examination of all such cases permits insight into the social construction of “bias motivation” and related issues raised by a police hate-crime program. These include determining what forms of bias are eligible for special responses; identifying bias motivation; weighing the victim's perception of the event; determining the line between criminal and non-criminal incidents; and adopting consistent standards for verifying ambiguous events.