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Lila Kazemian David P. Farrington Marc Le Blanc 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(3):384-400
This study consists of a comparative analysis of patterns of de-escalation between ages 17–18 and 32, based on data from two
well-known prospective longitudinal studies, the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (a study of 411 working-class males
in London) and the Montreal Two Samples Longitudinal Study (a sample of 470 adjudicated French-Canadian males). Analyses focus
on within-individual change, with individuals serving as their own controls. In this regard, the magnitude of measured change
is relative to the past degree of involvement in offending. These results are contrasted with predictors of between-individual
differences in offending behavior at age 32. We investigate the respective roles of cognitive predispositions and social bonds
in the prediction of patterns of de-escalation, and assess whether it is possible to make relatively long-term predictions
(over a 15-year period) about offending in adulthood. Findings suggest that traditional measures of social bonds and cognitive
predispositions measured at age 17–18 are generally weak predictors of de-escalation up to age 32. However, these measures
are stronger predictors of between-individual differences in offending gravity. These findings highlight the difficulties
in making accurate long-term predictions about changes in individual offending patterns early in the criminal career.
Lila Kazemian is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. She received her Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of Cambridge. Her research interests include life-course and developmental research, desistance from crime, comparative criminology, and offender reentry. David P. Farrington Farrington is a professor at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Cambridge. His research interests include criminal career research, juvenile delinquency, violent offending, and crime prevention. Marc Le Blanc is an emeritus professor in the Department of Psychoeducation at Université de Montréal. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from Université de Montréal. His research interests include criminological theory, longitudinal research, juvenile justice, and intervention among juvenile delinquents. 相似文献
Marc Le BlancEmail: |
Lila Kazemian is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. She received her Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of Cambridge. Her research interests include life-course and developmental research, desistance from crime, comparative criminology, and offender reentry. David P. Farrington Farrington is a professor at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Cambridge. His research interests include criminal career research, juvenile delinquency, violent offending, and crime prevention. Marc Le Blanc is an emeritus professor in the Department of Psychoeducation at Université de Montréal. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from Université de Montréal. His research interests include criminological theory, longitudinal research, juvenile justice, and intervention among juvenile delinquents. 相似文献
13.
Christine M. Wienke Totura Marc S. Karver Ellis L. Gesten 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2014,43(1):40-52
Peer victimization is a well-known national and international problem, contributing to a range of emotional, social, and behavioral consequences. Using structural equation modeling, the authors tested a theoretical model suggesting that psychological distress and student engagement mediate the association between the experience of victimization and concurrent academic achievement. Participants were 469 (46.4 % male, 53.6 % female) 6th to 8th grade students, from randomly selected classrooms in 11 middle schools in a southeastern school district. Structural equation models of the hypothesized effects demonstrated adequate fit to the data, with both symptoms of psychological distress and engagement mediating the relationship between victimization and academic achievement. In general, the results suggest that victimization predicts diminished academic achievement by way of psychological distress and poorer engagement in classroom and academic tasks. However, the direct relationship between victimization and measures of achievement lacked significance across many correlational and path analyses conducted. These findings have implications for researchers and practitioners in understanding how psychological distress and student engagement are associated with the academic performance of students who experience peer victimization. 相似文献
14.
Studies on homophobia among adolescents routinely depart from the assumption that this attitude will be continued into adulthood. However, little research has been conducted on how the transition toward adulthood actually affects homophobia. While earlier studies relied on cross-sectional observations, the present analysis makes use of the Belgian Political Panel Survey (2008-2011), tracking 2,815 respondents (52?% female, 48?% male) between the ages of 18 and 21. A conditional change model shows that while men had substantially higher levels of homophobia than women to begin with, this difference grew even larger throughout the observation period. The discrepancy between Muslim respondents and those with other religions became larger as well. Overall, the gender and religious differences already present in adolescence had become further polarized at the end of the observation period. Friendship relations with persons with a different sexual orientation, on the other hand, significantly reduced prejudice, especially among men, while the results also show that changes in the level of homophobia are related strongly to conservative views on gender roles. We conclude that groups that already display high levels of homophobia during adolescence are likely to grow even more extreme in their views in the transition to adulthood. 相似文献
15.
Margaret O’Brien Caughy Luisa Franzini Michael Windle Patricia Dittus Paula Cuccaro Marc N. Elliott Mark A. Schuster 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(12):1613-1627
Despite evidence that neighborhoods confer both risk and resilience for youth development, the existing neighborhood research has a number of methodological limitations including lack of diversity in neighborhoods sampled and neighborhood characteristics assessed. The purpose of this study was to address these methodological limitations of existing research and to examine the relationship of neighborhood structural and social characteristics to family-level social processes and teacher-reported social competence during early adolescence. The study sample of 3,624 fifth graders (51?% girls) was ethnically diverse, including roughly even proportions of non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic youth. Neighborhood measures included economic disadvantage derived from the U.S. Census, physical and social disorder obtained by direct observation, and social capital from parental reports. Family-level social processes included parent reported family cohesion and youth reported maternal and paternal nurturance. We found that neighborhood factors significantly associated with youth social aggression and social competence but not social withdrawal, after controlling for individual demographic characteristics and parenting factors. There was limited evidence of moderation of family influences by neighborhood characteristics as well as the moderation of neighborhood effects by children’s gender. Neighborhood physical disorder was associated with increased social aggression among boys but with increased social withdrawal among girls. Implications of the study’s findings for research on neighborhoods and adolescent development and the development of preventive interventions are discussed. 相似文献
16.
This study provides a systematic review of the development of Chinese public administration in English language journals. An analysis of articles in the top 25 English-language public administration journals worldwide from 1996 to 2016 confirmed increases in both the number and significance of studies of Chinese public administration. A systematic content analysis of abstracts of previous studies was performed and showed that social development and administrative reform were among the most important topics. With respect to the methodology of this study, qualitative methods were more frequently used than quantitative or mixed methods. Finally, implications for future research on Chinese public administration are discussed. 相似文献
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18.
The Effects of Doing More with Less in the Public Sector: Evidence from a Large‐Scale Survey 下载免费PDF全文
Marc Esteve Christian Schuster Adria Albareda Carlos Losada 《Public administration review》2017,77(4):544-553
Since the onset of the Great Recession, “doing more with less” has become a policy mantra. To do more with less, a range of governments have concurrently imposed wage cuts and greater work demands on public employees. This article assesses the impact of these changes on the job satisfaction and work motivation of public employees in 34 European countries. Congruent with previous studies linking income and working hours with job attitudes, the article finds a negative impact on both. There are no free austerity lunches: while public employees may work longer hours for lower pay, they are less satisfied and less motivated when doing so. One caveat applies: the effect on motivation—although not satisfaction—is mitigated when employees feel that their values are aligned with those of their organization. This puts a premium on public managers fostering value alignment, particularly when it is hardest to achieve: in times of cutbacks. 相似文献
19.
Experimentalists are increasingly examining heterogeneous treatment effects, in which observed individual-level characteristics are hypothesized to moderate an experimental treatment effect. Such work places researchers at the nexus of experimental and observational approaches. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical and statistical issues that can arise in testing such hypotheses. We note that inclusion of an observed (as opposed to randomly-assigned) moderator introduces the possibility of confounds that are commonplace in observational data analysis but too-easily ignored in experimental data analysis. We simulate several different data generating processes that include heterogeneous treatment effects, and we discuss the implications of various statistical models. We aim to provide researchers who examine heterogeneous treatment effects with background and advice that enable them to identify where common issues may arise and to develop research designs and implement statistical tests that will mitigate them. 相似文献
20.
Marc Stears 《Journal of Political Ideologies》2017,22(3):274-284
AbstractOne of the great contributions of the Journal of Political Ideologies to the study of politics has been the emphasis it has given to recovering lost ideological traditions or subtraditions. With regard to the recent history of the United Kingdom, contributions to the Journal have long argued that there is far greater ideological complexity in British politics than is usually credited and that analysis of this complexity might throw up powerful arguments for contemporary political argument. In this essay, I take inspiration from that notion in order to establish whether a lost tradition of twentieth century British socialist thinking – that associated with a series of inter-war and mid-century thinkers who were sceptical of both modernism and the state – might throw new light on the failings of recent British Labour ideology, especially that associated with Ed Miliband’s failed attempt to secure victory in the 2015 general election. The essay contends that the arguments of these earlier thinkers – and especially their obsession with crafting a ‘socialism of the everyday’ – could have provided a vital warning to Miliband’s Labour, had it chosen to heed it. 相似文献