REALITY IS. . . . A RESPONSE TO MARTINDALE,TIPPINS, BEN‐PORATH,AUSTIN, AND WITTMANN

This article is written as a response to the Martindale et al. critique of the Ackerman and Pritzl (2011) child custody evaluation practices article. The Martindale et al. critique focuses on a small portion of the overall results regarding test usage and suggests that the entire article is “flawed and deficient.” However, their critique engages in confirmatory bias and exaggerated statements and ignores the overall value of the article in general. A more broad‐based explanation of the results is provided herein.     

Response: The Politeness of History

In my response to the reviews of my book by Marianne Constable, Shai Lavi, and Renisa Mawani, I situate the argument of Common Law, History, and Democracy in America, 1790–1900: Legal Thought Before Modernism within a concern with contemporary forms of historical knowledge. Where contemporary historical knowledge practices subsume their objects of investigation, I adopt the temporality of the object of investigation—namely, the common law—as the structure my book. In different registers, Constable, Lavi, and Mawani urge me to take up more explicitly the foundational questioning about which they care. I welcome their readings. However, given the distinct problematic from which I start, I argue, the book is not in the first instance an argument about the ontology of history or law.     

The distribution of honoraria income in the U.S. Congress: Who gets rents in legislatures and why?

The major conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that low-cost suppliers of political favors receive the highest honoraria incomes. There is no evidence that being a lawyer, acquiring a large number of committee assignments, receiving high ratings by labor unions, representing a safe district, or introducing numerous legislative bills, increases one's honoraria income in any significant way. The wider dispersal of power reduces the effects of seniority, and membership on the Finance Committee, in determining institutional power in the Senate; hence, these variables are only significantly related to honoraria income in the House. The smaller the number of suppliers in the Senate, relative to the House, means that senators obtain higher prices for their services. As a result, business groups are more willing to pay extra — a price premium — to assure that no shirking occurs.While the distribution of honoraria has caused considerable concern and given rise to cynical explanations as to who gets them and why (see, for example, McChesney, 1987), this analysis suggests a less pejorative but empirically valid conclusion: business, and therefore honoraria, gravitate to those who can supply political favors at a lower cost than other legislators, just as low-cost suppliers gain a greater proportion of the sales in the market than those who supply the same service but at a higher price.     

Influencing public policy on Canadian broadcasting

Abstract: The policy-making process in Canadian broadcasting involves a wide array of groups from institutional, industrial and sociocultural sectors. The policy review leading up to adoption of a new federal Broadcasting Act in 1991 saw these groups deploy a range of tactics in attempting to influence broadcasting policy in line with their respective interests. In this article, we report on the relative influence of different categories of actors with regard to Canadian broadcasting policy in light of the resources they enjoy and the strategies they use to maximize their use. For non-industrial public interest and sociocultural interest groups, the fact that an important part of the policy process unfolded in public was an important factor for gaining access, through legislative change, to the broadcasting system itself. Where economic interests were concerned, however, the means deployed were radically increased and sought to address policy makers directly. The resulting policy outcomes demonstrated that, depending on the particular issue and the interest base promoting it, both public action and direct pressure could be effective levers of influence. In short, influence on the policy process was shown to be relative, depending on the degree of access to the decision making process enjoyed by the various parties. Sommaire: Le processus de définition des politiques de radiodiffusion au Canada implique un large éventail de groupes institutionnels, industriels et socio-culturels. Lors de la révision des politiques qui a précédé l'adoption, en 1991, d'une nouvelle Loi sur la radiodiffusion fédérale, ces groupes ont adopté toute une gamme de tactiques pour essayer d'influer sur la politique en matière de radiodiffusion, con-formément à leurs intérêts respectifs. Dans le présent article, nous exposons l'influence relative des diverses catégories d'intervenants en ce qui conceme la politique de radiodiffusion canadienne, en tenant compte des ressources à leur disposition ainsi que des stratégies qu'ils ont utilisées afin de maximiser l'utilisation de ces ressources. Pour les gmupes d'intérêt socio-culturel ou d'intérêt public non industriel, le fait meme qu'une partie importante du processus d'élaboration des politiques ait eu lieu en public fut un élément important afin d'accéder, par voie de modification legislative, au système de radiodiffusion lui-même. Cependant, lorsque des intérêts économiques étaient en cause, les moyens utilisés étaient nettement supérieurs et visaient directement les décideurs. Les résultats en termes de politique adoptée ont démontré que, selon la question concernée et le groupe d'intérêt qui la préconisait, tant l'intervention publique que la pression directe pouvaient exercer une influence efficace. En bref, il s'avére que l'influence sur le processus de définition des politiques est relative et défend le degré d'accès qu'avaient les diverses parties au processus décisionnel.     

Intellectual property issues in joint ventures and collaborations

Legal context: The IP issues involved in forming, operating, and (inevitably)terminating a joint venture or collaboration are much more numerousthan would typically apply to a straightforward investment inan organic growth, or on a merger or acquisition. The pitfallsare also more insidious. Key points: The author approaches the topic within the commercial context,discussing the commercial rationale behind joint ventures andcollaborations and the life cycle of a joint venture or collaboration. The article explores the four key stages of a joint ventureor collaboration: (1) pre-contract stage: confidentiality andtrade secrets; due diligence; structural considerations; (2)formation stage: assignment and licensing of existing rights;the terms of transfer; valuation of IP contributions; (3) durationstage: future contribution of existing and future backgroundrights; ownership and exploitation of foreground rights; maintenanceand protection of rights; and (4) termination stage: providingfor both unexpected and expected events. The article also provides advice as to avoiding the pitfallsof joint ownership: understanding the differences between jurisdictions;potential problems; and avoiding the banana skins. Practical significance: Joint ventures and collaborations are widely used across a rangeof industry sectors, but particularly high-tech sectors, suchas pharma/bio, information technology, and communications, inwhich IP rights are particularly important. Parties consistently cite the loss of background IP rights asa major risk in joint venture collaborations, and dealing withIP that is generated in the course of a joint venture or collaborationcan also present particular problems, particularly if it isto be used or owned jointly by more than one party.     

Racial prejudice in the canadian legal system

The effects of defendant and victim race and the impact of judicial instructions on defendant verdict were examined using a simulated videotaped rape trial. Subjects were 243 Canadian university students randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Subjects were asked to assume the role of juror and to view a videotape of a simulated rape trial. The results indicated that the defendant's overall attractiveness or “positive appeal” was the best predictor of defendant guilt, above and beyond defendant race. Neither victim characteristics nor the presence of judicial instructions was found to have predictive utility. Results are contrasted with findings from simulation studies in the United States.     

A 'European' Conception of Legal Consciousness: Rediscovering Eugen Ehrlich

This paper discusses the present ‘legal consciousness’ literature and seeks to identify two different conceptions of legal consciousness. Most of this literature originated in the United States, but there has also been a growing interest in issues of legal consciousness in Europe. The use of the term ‘legal consciousness ’ in these European discussions is, however, remarkably different from its use in the United States literature. It is argued that the most commonly used ‘American ’ conception of legal consciousness reflects important ideas of Roscoe Pound and asks: how do people experience (official) law? By contrast, a European conception of legal consciousness, which was first introduced by the Austrian legal theorist Eugen Ehrlich, focuses on: what do people experience as ‘law ’? After both perspectives are applied in a case‐study of a run‐down neighbourhood in the Netherlands, it is concluded that future studies of legal consciousness may benefit from an integration of the two conceptions.