Regional tailor‐made policy making in trade licensing administration—case of Slovakia

Local public administration contributes to a favorable business environment. Slovak Trade Licensing Administration (TLA) provides public services for traders. Centrally managed policy making without taking into account of local and regional specifics is not fully conforming to the current local needs of territorial units. Innovative administrative interventions from the central tier may reflect territorial needs of these units. Spatial distribution of performance data points out regional differences in the territorial units of the TLA. There are significant regional differences in the numbers of trades per employees and performed administrative actions. It creates conditions for individual approach in policy making. Cluster analysis groups the territorial units of the TLA for suitable tailor‐made policy making from the central tier. Based on the findings, there are seven clusters of territorial units with specific local and regional needs. Tailor‐made policy making can take into account of territorial specifics and strengthening the role of territorial units of the TLA in regional development.     

A Concurrent Analysis of Three Institutions that Transform Health Technology‐Based Ventures: Economic Policy,Capital Investment,and Market Approval

Drawing on institutional theory, this article articulates qualitative insights from a program of research on Canadian health technology‐based ventures to examine the rules that characterize economic policy, capital investment, and regulatory approval as well as the way these institutions enable and constrain the development of ventures at an early stage. Our findings clarify how economic policy integrates these ventures into the entrepreneurial domain, how capital investment configures them for economic value extraction, and how regulatory approval fully releases their market value. These findings help to revisit current policy modernization initiatives by calling attention to the convergence among the three institutions. Rather than operating solely as a source of constraints, these institutions provide a highly integrated market‐oriented space for health technology‐based entrepreneurial activities to unfold.     

L'agence de réglementation et le transport aérien régional au Canada de 1966 à 1980

Sommaire: L'article traite des relations formelles entre une agence de rCglementa-tion et les entreprises commerciales sous sa juridiction. D decrit et analyse les DCcisions et Ordonnances dun tel organisme et Ctablit des indices de performance des sociCtCs en prksence. L'agence CtudiCe est le ComitC des transports aCriens de la Commission canadienne des transports et les cinq compagnies akriennes regionales oeuvrant au Canada de 1966 a 1980. Les rksultats dbmontrent que le ComitC a CtC trés actif pendant cette pkriode, produisant au-dela de 200 decisions et ordonnances. Celles-ci, de nature très diverses, correspondent B une intense pCriode de dkveloppement. La performance relative des sociCtCs et leur performance spCci-fique permettent de les classifier de facon hibrarchique et de constater que la compagnie QuCbecair a connu des difficult& dans ses relations rbglementaires. L'article s'interroge en conclusion sur la nature “limitative” du processus de rC-glementation. Abstract: This article deals with the relations between a regulating agency and the industry it regulates. Its goal is to describe and analyse the output of such an agency in terms of decisions and orders and in doing so, to establish “performance indicators” of the companies under regulation. The Air Transport Committee of the Canadian Transport Commission and the five regional carriers serving Canada between 1969 and 1980, are the object of the research. The results show that the CTA has been very active in terms of the volume and the variety of work. The performances of the carriers are about the same except for one, Quebecair, which has an extremely bad record. The article in its conclusion, questions the limitative character of the regulating process.     

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of experimental bone hacking trauma

The authors report on their macro- and microscopy study of bone lesions made by a sharp force instrument (a single blade knife), and a sharp-blunt instrument classified as a chopping weapon (a hatchet). The aim of this work was to attempt to identify the instrument by analyzing the general class characteristics of the cuts. Each weapon was used on human bones. The results indicate that macroscopic analysis is more problematic. The microscopic analysis assessed that characteristics examined were effective in distinguishing sharp from sharp-blunt injury to the bone. The microscope facilitates analysis unachievable with macroscopic methods, some three-dimensional characteristics not visible to the naked eye being clearly defined with its use. Emphasis has been placed on the value of SEM as an anthropologist's tool in bone lesion injuries.     

Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of colored fibers: a collaborative study

A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six different manufacturers were tested as well as nine different laser wavelengths ranging from blue (lambda = 458 nm) to near infrared-NIR (lambda = 1064 nm). This represents the largest comparison study of Raman analytical parameters carried out on identical fiber samples. For the chosen fiber and dye samples, red lasers (lambda = 633 and 685 nm) gave the poorest spectral quality whereas blue (458 nm), green (514 nm) and near infrared lasers (785, 830 and 1064 nm) provided average results. Blue (488 nm) and green lasers (532 nm) globally gave the best quality spectra. Fluorescence problems were often encountered with some of the excitation wavelengths and therefore a flexible Raman instrument equipped with different lasers can be recommended to measure forensic fiber samples. The instrument should also be equipped with a Raman microscope in order to be able to focus on a single fiber. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy usually enables the identification of the main dye present in a colored fiber; however, minor dye components are much more difficult to detect. SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering) techniques give an improvement of the dye's spectral intensity but no spectral improvement was observed for the two red acrylic and red wool fibers tested.     

A new retrieval system for a database of 3D facial images

A new retrieval system for a 3D facial image database was designed and its reliability was experimentally examined. This system has two steps, firstly to automatically adjust the orientation of all 3D facial images in a database to that of the 2D facial image of a target person, and then to identify the facial image of the target person from the adjusted 3D facial images in the database using a graph-matching method. From the experimental study [M. Yoshino, K. Imaizumi, T. Tanijiri, J.G. Clement, Automatic adjustment of facial orientation in 3D face image database, Jpn. J. Sci. Tech. Iden. 8 (2003) 41-47], it is concluded that the software developed for the first step will be applicable to the automatic adjustment of facial orientation in the 3D facial image database. In 28 out of 110 sets (25.5%), the 3D image of the target person was chosen as the best match (from a database of 132 3D facial images) according to the similarity of the facial image characteristics based on the graph matching. The 3D facial image of the target person was ranked in the top of 10 of the database in 75 out of 110 sets (68.2%). These results suggest that this system is inadequate for the identification level, but may be feasible for screening method in a small database. It will be necessary to further pursue the possibility of realization of a facial image retrieval system for a large database such as suspects' facial images in future.     

Survey of crowbar and household paints in burglary cases-population studies, transfer and interpretation

Experimental data useful for the interpretation of paint evidence recovered during burglary cases were obtained. A population study was carried out on 41 blue crowbars seized on suspects in Switzerland and 37 blue paints traces found at burglary scenes. Paint traces were also searched on the blades of 207 crowbars seized by the police in Switzerland and 24 white traces were analysed: these paints were analysed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to estimate relative frequencies of each paint type. Simulated contacts were carried out between crowbars and painted wood in order to study the phenomenon of transfer and to evaluate the amount of paint transferred: a total of 198 simulations were carried out including individual, successive and cross transfer. The paint properties such as the chemical composition and its age influenced the amount of paint transferred. Cross transfer from the tool paint to the wood and vice versa was regularly observed. Moreover, secondary transfer of paint coming from the preceding wooden surfaces was also systematically observed: this could establish links between several burglary scenes and a suspected tool. A scenario of a burglary case involving the cross transfer between tool and household paints is proposed as a numerical example: the evaluation of such case was formalised using likelihood ratios based on the experimental data obtained.     

Le contrôle de l'information gouvernementale: le cas du Québec

Sommaire: Nos sociétés modernes font l'objet de débats très controversés autour du problème de I'accès à l'information gouvernementale. Une approche systémique permet entre aittres de prendre conscience des différents enjeux inhérents au contrôle de cette information. Elle expliqrie pourquoi certains Etats sont plus en-clins que d'autres à favoriser 1'accès à l'information gouvernementale. Dans cette approche, la société est perçue comme un système d'acteurs dont les trois principaux sont le gouvernement, les intermediaires et les différents publics, avec en plus les acteurs externes dans I'environnement. Ces acteurs sont soumis à des règles normatives ou pragniatiques. Leur pouvoir respectif de contrôle est loin d'être équivalent. Le pouvoir du gouvrnement sur les différentes dimensions de la communication le démarque fortement de ses compétiteurs. Certaines propriétés générales dri système, de caractère- plus macroscopique, sont ensuite dégagées, soit la tendance gÆné rale à l'amplification de I'information gouvernementale ainsi que la tendance a l'amplification des prohlémes contradictoires reliés au trop grand secret de l'information gouvernementale d'une part, et à la trop petite protection de l'information personnelle d'autre part. Le gouvernement québécois a maintenant legiféré dans ce domaine. mais la loi d'accès ne inodifie pas fondanientalement les propriétés generales du systeme ni le pouvoir prédominant du gouvernement sur les autres acteurs politiques. Abstract: In modern societies, the problem of access to government information has been the subject of passionate debates. The systemic approach offers, among other things, an awareness of the various stakes inherent in the control of this information. It explains why some countries are more favourably disposed toward easy access to government information. In this approach, society is perceived as a players' system, the three main actors being the government, the intermediaries and the public, with, in addition, outside actors. The actors are subjected to normative or pragmatic rules but their respective control is far from being of equal value. Through its power on the various dimensions of communications, the government is very much set apart from its competitors. Some general and more macroscopic characteristics of the system are then oAPred: on the one hand, the general tendency to exaggerate government information as well as the tendency to overstate the contradictory problems.     

Prolonged activity after an ultimately fatal gunshot wound to the heart: case report

In this article, we describe an unusual case of suicide involving a gunshot wound to the left ventricle. The victim engaged in premortem activity that was both prolonged and methodical. This report stresses the importance of a complete investigation to distinguish such case from an homicide.