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941.
The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: meta-analysis of an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David P. Farrington Martin Gill Sam J. Waples Javier Argomaniz 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(1):21-38
This article reports results obtained in an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation of 14 closed-circuit
television (CCTV) projects in residential areas, town and city centers, a city hospital, and car parks (parking lots). Both
police and victimization data were collected before and after the installation of CCTV in target, control and buffer areas,
and police Divisions. The results showed that CCTV was effective in reducing crimes in train station car parks but not in
city centers or residential areas, seemed to be effective in reducing vehicle crimes (but not other types of crimes), and
was most effective when the degree of coverage by CCTV was high and when CCTV was combined with other interventions such as
improved lighting. Implications for situational crime prevention theory are drawn. There was no evidence of displacement or
diffusion of benefits. It is concluded that CCTV needs to be implemented more effectively, based on an analysis of the crime
problem and its causes, and needs to be evaluated using a randomized experimental design.
David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University. His major research interests are in the development of offending and the effectiveness of interventions. He is co-chair of the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group and a former President of the American Society of Criminology, the British Society of Criminology, the European Association of Psychology and Law, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Martin Gill is Director of Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International, a ‘spin-out’ company from the University of Leicester, where he was formerly a Professor of Criminology. He led the Home Office national evaluation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and is currently researching offenders’ perspectives on fraud, shop theft and robbery. Sam J. Waples is currently a research assistant at Birkbeck College, University of London. His main interest lies in the application of geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. He is responsible for mapping as well as spatial and statistical analysis of geographical datasets for a variety of projects. He was formerly a research assistant at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. Javier Argomaniz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, where he is conducting research on European Union counter-terrorism policies. He was formerly a research assistant in the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. 相似文献
Javier ArgomanizEmail: |
David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University. His major research interests are in the development of offending and the effectiveness of interventions. He is co-chair of the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group and a former President of the American Society of Criminology, the British Society of Criminology, the European Association of Psychology and Law, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Martin Gill is Director of Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International, a ‘spin-out’ company from the University of Leicester, where he was formerly a Professor of Criminology. He led the Home Office national evaluation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and is currently researching offenders’ perspectives on fraud, shop theft and robbery. Sam J. Waples is currently a research assistant at Birkbeck College, University of London. His main interest lies in the application of geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. He is responsible for mapping as well as spatial and statistical analysis of geographical datasets for a variety of projects. He was formerly a research assistant at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. Javier Argomaniz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, where he is conducting research on European Union counter-terrorism policies. He was formerly a research assistant in the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. 相似文献
942.
Chèze M Deveaux M Martin C Lhermitte M Pépin G 《Forensic science international》2007,170(2-3):100-104
A rapid and sensitive method using LC-MS/MS triple stage quadrupole for the determination of traces of amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"), 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA), and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in hair, blood and urine has been developed and validated. Chromatography was carried out on an Uptisphere ODB C(18) 5 microm, 2.1 mm x 150 mm column (Interchim, France) with a gradient of acetonitrile and formate 2 mM pH 3.0 buffer. Urine and blood were extracted with Toxitube A (Varian, France). Segmented scalp hair was treated by incubation 15 min at 80 degrees C in NaOH 1M before liquid-liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1, v/v). The limits of quantification (LOQ) in blood and urine were at 0.1 ng/mL for all analytes. In hair, LOQ was <5 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, at 14.7 pg/mg for AP and 15.7 pg/mg for MDA. Calibration curves were linear in the range 0.1-50 ng/mL in blood and urine; in the range 5-500 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, and 20-500 pg/mg for AP and MDA. Inter-day precisions were <13% for all analytes in all matrices. Accuracy was <20% in blood and urine at 1 and 50 ng/mL and <10% in hair at 20 and 250 pg/mg. This method was applied to the determination of MDMA in a forensic case of single administration of ecstasy to a 16-year-old female without her knowledge during a party. She suffered from hyperactivity, sweating and agitation. A first sample of urine was collected a few hours after (T+12h) and tested positive to amphetamines by immunoassay by a clinical laboratory. Blood and urine were sampled for forensic purposes at day 8 (D+8) and scalp hair at day 60 (D+60). No MDMA was detected in blood, but urine and hair were tested positive, respectively at 0.42 ng/mL and at 22 pg/mg in hair only in the segment corresponding to the period of the offence, while no MDA was detectable. This method allows the detection of MDMA up to 8 days in urine after single intake. 相似文献
943.
Choi MJ Smoother T Martin AA McDonagh AM Maynard PJ Lennard C Roux C 《Forensic science international》2007,173(2-3):154-160
A new, highly fluorescent dye was synthesised using oleylamine combined with a perylene dianhydride compound. The new dye was characterised by 1H NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as quantum yield. The dye was absorbed onto titanium dioxide nanoparticles for use as a fingerprint detection powder. The new fluorescent powder was applied to latent fingermarks deposited onto different non-porous surfaces and compared with commercial fluorescent powders. The powder exhibits strong fluorescence at 650-700 nm under excitation at 505 nm. On glass surfaces, the new powder gave images showing tertiary-level detail of the fingermark ridges with almost no background development. Compared with current magnetic fluorescent powders, the new powder was slightly weaker in fluorescence intensity but produced significantly less background development, resulting in good contrast between the fingermark and the substrate. 相似文献
944.
Forensic scientists are constantly searching for better, faster, and less expensive ways to increase the first-pass success rate of forensic sample analysis. Technological advances continue to increase the sensitivity of analysis methods to enable genotyping of samples containing minimal amounts of DNA, yet few tools are available that can simultaneously alert the analyst to both the presence of inhibition and level of degradation in samples prior to genotyping to allow analysts the opportunity to make appropriate modifications to their protocols and, consequently, to use less sample. Our laboratory developed a multiplex quantitative PCR assay that amplifies two human nuclear DNA target sequences of different length to assess DNA degradation and a third amplification target, a synthetic oligonucleotide internal PCR control (IPC), to allow for the assessment of PCR inhibition. We chose the two nuclear targets to provide quantity and fragment-length information relevant to the STR amplification targets commonly used for forensic genotyping. The long target (nuTH01, 170-190 bp) spans the TH01 STR locus and uses a FAM-labeled TaqMan probe for detection. The short nuclear target (nuCSF, 67 bp) is directed at the upstream flanking region of the CSF1PO STR locus and is detected using a VIC-labeled TaqManMGB probe. The IPC target sequence is detected using a NED-labeled TaqManMGB probe. The assay was validated on the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system, which is optimized for NED detection. We report the results of a developmental validation in which the assay was rigorously tested, in accordance with the current SWGDAM guidelines, for precision, sensitivity, accuracy, reproducibility, species specificity, and stability. 相似文献
945.
Sidler M Jackowski C Dirnhofer R Vock P Thali M 《Forensic science international》2007,169(2-3):118-128
After a mass fatality incident (MFI), all victims have to be rapidly and accurately identified for juridical reasons as well as for the relatives' sake. Since MFIs are often international in scope, Interpol has proposed standard disaster victim identification (DVI) procedures, which have been widely adopted by authorities and forensic experts. This study investigates how postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) can contribute to the DVI process as proposed by Interpol. The Interpol postmortem (PM) form has been analyzed, and a number of items in sections D and E thereof have been postulated to be suitable for documentation by CT data. CT scans have then been performed on forensic cases. Interpretation of the reconstructed images showed that indeed much of the postmortem information required for identification can be gathered from CT data. Further advantages of the proposed approach concern the observer independent documentation, the possibility to reconstruct a variety of images a long time after the event, the possibility to distribute the work by transmitting CT data digitally, and the reduction of time and specialists needed at the disaster site. We conclude that MSCT may be used as a valuable screening tool in DVI in the future. 相似文献
946.
947.
The plethora of literature on correctional officers and the work environment, more specifically occupational stress, has focused
almost exclusively on officers working in prison facilities. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the predictors
of occupational stress and general stress among 373 jail correctional officers in one state in the Northeast, using the Stressors
identified in the previous literature on prison correctional officers and occupational stress. The results indicated that
organizational strengths, perceived danger, role problems, and job satisfaction were significant predictors of both occupational
and general stress. In addition, gender and salary predicted occupational stress while correctional experience and training
predicted general stress. Suggestions are made for administrators, as well as future research on the workplace experiences
of correctional officers. 相似文献
948.
Martin Schröder 《Natur und Recht》2010,32(11):770-778
949.
Cecilia Casanueva Sandra L. Martin Desmond K. Runyan Richard P. Barth Robert H. Bradley 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(6):413-427
Children are overrepresented in households with intimate-partner violence (IPV), and many suffer the double burden of being
the subject of maltreatment and bearing the consequences of abuse to their mothers. Despite this situation, little information
exists concerning parenting by women who have been abused by an intimate partner. We examine the relationship between women’s
experiences with IPV and the quality of maternal parenting using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being.
The sample consisted of 1,943 female caregivers of children younger than 10 years investigated for child maltreatment. Women
who had experienced IPV in the past but were no longer victims of IPV had significantly better parenting scores than women
who were currently experiencing IPV, when other risk factors were controlled. This study adds to the evidence that IPV does
not necessarily impair maternal parenting. Women abused by an intimate partner deserve a thorough assessment of what services
they need: parenting services should be offered as warranted on a case-by-case evaluation of the particular woman’s parenting
skills. 相似文献
950.