Michael Strausz 《Asian Politics & Policy》2009,1(3):551-552

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Michael Eisenhut  M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2007,52(4):996-996

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Jauchem JR  Sherry CJ  Fines DA  Cook MC 《Forensic science international》2006,161(1):20-30

Repeated exposure to electro-muscular incapacitating devices could result in repetitive, sustained muscle contraction, with little or no muscle recovery period. Therefore, rhabdomyolysis and other physiological responses, including acidosis, hyperkalaemia, and altered levels of muscle enzymes in the blood, would be likely to occur. Experiments were performed to investigate effects of repeated exposures of TASER International's Advanced TASER X26 on muscle contraction and resultant changes in blood factors in an anaesthetized swine model. A total of 10 animals were used. Six swine were exposed for 5 s, followed by a 5-s period of no exposure, repeatedly for 3 min. (In five of the animals, after a 1-h delay, a second 3-min exposure period was added.) The remaining four animals were used for an additional pilot study. All four limbs of each animal exhibited contraction even though the electrodes were positioned in areas at some distances from the limbs. The degree of muscle contraction generated during the second exposure period was significantly lower than that in the first exposure series. This finding was consistent with previous studies showing that prolonged activity in skeletal muscle will eventually result in a decline of force production. There were some similarities in blood sample changes in the current experiments with previous studies of muscular exercise. Thus problems concerning biological effects of repeated TASER exposures may be related, not directly to the \"electric output\" per se, but rather to the resulting contraction of muscles (and related interruption of respiration) and subsequent sequelae. Transient increases in hematocrit, potassium, and sodium were consistent with previous reports in the literature dealing with studies of muscle stimulation or exercise. It is doubtful that these short-term elevations would have any serious health consequences in a healthy individual. Blood pH was significantly decreased for 1h following exposure, but subsequently returned toward a normal level. Leg muscle contractions and decreases in respiration each appeared to contribute to the acidosis. Lactate was highly elevated, with a slow return (time course greater than 1 h) to baseline. Other investigators have reported profound metabolic acidosis during restraint-associated cardiac arrest. Since restraint often occurs immediately after TASER exposure, this issue should be considered in further development of deployment concepts. On the basis of the results of the current studies, the repeated use of electro-muscular incapacitating devices in a short period of time is, at least, feasible, with the caveat that some medical monitoring of subjects may be required (to observe factors such as lactate and acidosis).  相似文献   

    

Michael Mehling 《Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law》2006,15(1):126-127

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Cartier J  Farabee D  Prendergast ML 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2006,21(4):435-445

This study uses data from 641 state prison parolees in California to examine the associations between methamphetamine use and three measures of criminal behavior: (a) self-reported violent criminal behavior, (b) return to prison for a violent offense, and (c) return to prison for any reason during the first 12 months of parole. Methamphetamine use was significantly predictive of self-reported violent criminal behavior and general recidivism (i.e., a return to custody for any reason). However, methamphetamine use was not significantly predictive of being returned to custody for a violent offense. These trends remained even after controlling for involvement in the drug trade (i.e., sales, distribution, or manufacturing).  相似文献   

    

Michael H. Cohen 《Negotiation Journal》2004,20(3):409-433

Efforts to integrate complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies into conventional medical settings are creating a variety of negotiation challenges between various stakeholders. Focusing on the two-party encounter between physician and patient offers a way to understand the application of principled negotiation to perhaps the most fundamental and emotionally charged place within the health care system in which the introduction of CAM therapies is likely to disrupt relationships and produce conflict. This article suggest ways in which the theory and analysis of principled negotiation can add to current liability and ethical frameworks, and might thereby contribute to optimal future health care by helping to wisely integrate CAM therapies into conventional medical care.  相似文献   

    

Michael Bruter 《Journal of common market studies》2004,42(Z1):135-151

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Dan Marek  Michael Baun 《Journal of common market studies》2002,40(5):895-919

This article examines the impact of EU enlargement on regionalization in the Czech Republic. It asks whether pre–accession preparations for EU regional policy have promoted regionalization and governmental decentralization in the Czech Republic, a question prompted by the debate about EU regional policy and regionalization in the current Member States. After reviewing Czech preparations for EU regional policy and the administration of pre–accession structural aid programmes, it concludes that the EU’s impact on regionalization in the Czech Republic has been both limited and highly ambivalent. The article thus confirms the findings of previous research on EU enlargement and regionalization in the candidate countries.  相似文献   

    

Michael E. Latham 《和平与变革》2002,27(4):499-527

Focused on the 1964 Panama Canal Zone riots and the political crisis that followed them, this article explores the intersection between imperial legacies and Cold War policymaking. After describing the Panamanian context and the historical causes of the violence, it argues that Lyndon Johnson and his advisers proved incapable of understanding the way that an imperial past shaped the Cold War present. Focused on the need to maintain America’s international credibility and concerned with domestic criticism, they viewed Panamanian actions as irrational and irresponsible, considered nationalism only as a cynically wielded political weapon, and determined that any agreement to negotiate would convey a dangerous image of weakness and lack of resolve. They also solidified a way of looking at the world that foreclosed opportunities to work for peace and that eventually led to much greater tragedy.  相似文献   

    

Bohnert M  Schmidt U  Perdekamp MG  Pollak S 《Forensic science international》2002,127(3):192-197

The authors report on a combined suicide of a 71-year-old farmer who fired a shot to his forehead with a livestock stunner before burning himself. As the fire was fueled by a pile of firewood it burnt for many hours, thus, causing subtotal incineration of the body. The remaining bones were calcined and reduced to a residual mass of only 3 kg. In spite of the extreme destruction, a circular bone defect corresponding to the site where the captive-bolt had entered the skull could be identified in the frontal squama. The example of this suicide is used to illustrate the problems of distinguishing between mechanical and thermal fractures. As expected, the attempted isolation and amplification of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA for the purpose of identification was not successful.  相似文献