全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5471篇 |
免费 | 231篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 377篇 |
工人农民 | 194篇 |
世界政治 | 585篇 |
外交国际关系 | 424篇 |
法律 | 2390篇 |
中国政治 | 50篇 |
政治理论 | 1623篇 |
综合类 | 59篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 39篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 87篇 |
2019年 | 117篇 |
2018年 | 201篇 |
2017年 | 198篇 |
2016年 | 257篇 |
2015年 | 141篇 |
2014年 | 157篇 |
2013年 | 881篇 |
2012年 | 182篇 |
2011年 | 179篇 |
2010年 | 150篇 |
2009年 | 154篇 |
2008年 | 202篇 |
2007年 | 240篇 |
2006年 | 212篇 |
2005年 | 189篇 |
2004年 | 195篇 |
2003年 | 162篇 |
2002年 | 163篇 |
2001年 | 106篇 |
2000年 | 98篇 |
1999年 | 106篇 |
1998年 | 83篇 |
1997年 | 87篇 |
1996年 | 74篇 |
1995年 | 63篇 |
1994年 | 72篇 |
1993年 | 77篇 |
1992年 | 66篇 |
1991年 | 62篇 |
1990年 | 64篇 |
1989年 | 52篇 |
1988年 | 62篇 |
1987年 | 41篇 |
1986年 | 51篇 |
1985年 | 40篇 |
1984年 | 41篇 |
1983年 | 30篇 |
1982年 | 28篇 |
1981年 | 32篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 22篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 31篇 |
排序方式: 共有5702条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
961.
Joshua C. Cochran Michael J. Lynch Elisa L. Toman Ryan T. Shields 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2018,34(1):37-66
Objectives
This study examines sentencing patterns for environmental crimes and tests the assumption that “green” offenders receive more lenient treatment from criminal courts than non-environmental offenders.Methods
We present two sets of analyses. First, we present an empirical portrait of environmental felony offenses convicted in a single state (Florida) over a fifteen-year period and the resulting criminal sanctions. Second, we use a precision matching analysis to assess whether environmental offenders receive more lenient treatment when compared to non-environmental offenders with the same characteristics and offense severity scores.Results
Findings indicate that an overall small percentage of felony convictions in state courts stem from environmental crimes. We also find that punishments for environmental crimes are more lenient than sanctions assigned to comparable non-environmental offenses when the environmental crime is ecological, but that punishments are sometimes harsher when the environmental crime involves animals.Conclusions
The findings provide general support for the argument that courts and other formal institutions of social control treat environmental crimes more leniently than non-environmental crimes. This paper also raises important questions about citizen and state actors’ perceptions of crimes against the environment and, more generally, about the ways in which theories of court sentencing behaviors apply to environmental crime sanctioning decisions.962.
Jason Gravel Blake Allison Jenny West-Fagan Michael McBride George E. Tita 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2018,34(1):189-219
Objectives
This study proposes a theoretical framework for understanding two empirical findings from gang research: (1) gangs are generally racially homogenous, even in heterogeneous environments, and (2) gang violence tends to be intra-racial. We draw from the extensive literature on street gangs as well as from research on group formation and status-enhancing behavior to develop a theoretical model of gang formation.Methods
Using game theory, we model the simultaneous decisions of individuals to commit status-enhancing acts of violence and to seek protection by joining a gang. We then conduct computer simulations to examine the resulting patterns of violence and gang composition.Results
We demonstrate that as long as some social distance exists between racial groups in a community, gang violence will be intra-racial and gangs will be homogenous. We find that our results are robust to a number of simple variations of the model and allow us to generate several hypotheses about the nature of gang formation and patterns of violence.Conclusions
When violence is motivated by socially constructed rewards, socially closer targets are likely to yield greater rewards. In such a system, individuals must reduce their likelihood of victimization by entering a social contract of non-violence (i.e. gang membership) with individuals who might view them as status-enhancing targets (i.e. socially close individuals). The result is that gangs are made up of socially close individuals interested in attacking other socially close individuals. Therefore, gangs tend to be racially homogenous and violence is overwhelmingly intra-racial.963.
Skye Stephens Jennifer E. Newman James M. Cantor Michael C. Seto 《Journal of Sexual Aggression》2018,24(1):1-11
A current debate is whether actuarial risk assessment tools predict sexual recidivism in sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities (SOIDs). Since intellectual functioning exists on a spectrum, the present study examined the predictive validity of the Static-99R across the range of intellectual functioning. The sample was comprised of 454 adult sexual offenders assessed at an outpatient clinic and followed for an average of 10 years. Offenders in the extremely low/borderline group had higher scores on the Static-99R than other offenders, largely due to their score on the detachment subscale of the Static-99R, but did not have significantly higher recidivism rates. Calibration analyses suggested that the expected and observed recidivism rates did not differ significantly. Intellectual functioning did not add incremental validity to the Static-99R. Further, there was no interaction between intellectual functioning and actuarial risk score. The results suggested that the Static-99R can be used across the range of intellectual functioning, albeit somewhat more cautiously for those at the lowest and highest end of the intellectual functioning distribution. 相似文献
964.
Anita Barbee Corrie Rice Becky F. Antle Katy Henry Michael R. Cunningham 《Journal of public child welfare》2018,12(3):354-379
ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study is to examine the impact of a statewide intervention (BSW level Title IV-E Program) on both the workers’ intent to leave the job and their actual exit from a state administered public child welfare agency. Employees completed an extensive survey including scales assessing individual, team, and organizational variables that might impact turnover. Results show that more Title IV-E graduates stay with the agency than do regular hires and leave at a slower rate. Different variables impact intent to leave compared to actual exit and vary across type of employee. Implications for the workforce are discussed. 相似文献
965.
ABSTRACTRetention of public child welfare (PCW) workers is the focus of much scholarly research. Examinations of the topic have ranged from assessments of workers’ background to job factors and attitudinal components about the workplace. Unlike most studies, the present study uses agency administrative data on retention. In it, 502 PCW workers responded to a point-in-time survey covering a wide range of topics including job satisfaction, commitment to child welfare, perceptions of culture and climate, Title IV-E status, and demographic variables. While Title IV-Es were more likely to leave the agency, several significant interactions between Title IV-E and retention status showed that Title IV-Es who left the agency had significantly lower supervisor satisfaction and influence than Title IV-Es who stayed; and lower efficacy scores than non-Title IV-Es who left. No such differences were found for non-Title IV-E stayers and leavers. Implications for these differences for county agencies and universities are discussed. 相似文献
966.
The Article 29 Data Protection Working Party's recent draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling seeks to clarify European data protection (DP) law's little-used right to prevent automated decision-making, as well as the provisions around profiling more broadly, in the run-up to the General Data Protection Regulation. In this paper, we analyse these new guidelines in the context of recent scholarly debates and technological concerns. They foray into the less-trodden areas of bias and non-discrimination, the significance of advertising, the nature of “solely” automated decisions, impacts upon groups and the inference of special categories of data—at times, appearing more to be making or extending rules than to be interpreting them. At the same time, they provide only partial clarity – and perhaps even some extra confusion – around both the much discussed “right to an explanation” and the apparent prohibition on significant automated decisions concerning children. The Working Party appears to feel less mandated to adjudicate in these conflicts between the recitals and the enacting articles than to explore altogether new avenues. Nevertheless, the directions they choose to explore are particularly important ones for the future governance of machine learning and artificial intelligence in Europe and beyond. 相似文献
967.
968.
This article describes a New Zealand forensic agency's contextual information management protocol for bloodstain pattern evidence examined in the laboratory. In an effort to create a protocol that would have minimal impact on current work-flow, while still effectively removing task-irrelevant contextual information, the protocol was designed following an in-depth consultation with management and forensic staff. The resulting design was for a protocol of independent-checking (i.e. blind peer-review) where the checker's interpretation of the evidence is conducted in the absence of case information and the original examiner's notes or interpretation(s). At the conclusion of a ten-case trial period, there was widespread agreement that the protocol had minimal impact on the number of people required, the cost, or the time to complete an item examination. The agency is now looking to adopt the protocol into standard operating procedures and in some cases the protocol has been extended to cover other laboratory-based examinations (e.g. fabric damage, shoeprint examination, and physical fits). The protocol developed during this trial provides a useful example for agencies seeking to adopt contextual information management into their workflow. 相似文献
969.
Research has accumulated to suggest that perceived injustice is a risk factor for poor recovery outcomes in individuals with whiplash injuries. The present study examined the relative contributions of treatment-related reductions in perceived injustice and pain severity, in the prediction of reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms in individuals with whiplash injury. The study sample consisted of 146 individuals (66 women, 80 men) who sustained whiplash injuries in motor vehicle collisions and were enrolled in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program designed to promote functional recovery following whiplash injury. Participants completed measures of pain severity, disability, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and perceived injustice prior to treatment and after treatment. Pearson correlations revealed that all study variables were significantly correlated. Regression analyses revealed that, at the time of enrollment in the intervention, perceived injustice accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in posttraumatic stress symptom severity, beyond the variance accounted for by pain severity. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant reductions in perceived injustice, pain severity, and posttraumatic stress symptom severity through the course of treatment. For individuals who scored above clinical threshold on a measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms at the time of enrollment in the intervention (N?=?71), regression analyses revealed that reductions in perceived injustice accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in reduction of posttraumatic stress symptoms, beyond the variance accounted for by reduced pain severity. Clinical and theoretical implications of the present findings are discussed. 相似文献
970.
Kimberly L. Barrett Michael J. Lynch Michael A. Long Paul B. Stretesky 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2018,43(3):530-550
Studies that assess the impact of monetary penalties on environmental compliance have yielded mixed results. While some studies suggest fines deter future violations other studies find that fines do little to encourage compliance. This longitudinal study examines the impact of the dollar amount of fines on compliance with environmental laws among major facilities in the state of Michigan (n?=?37). Results from a mediation analysis suggest that while noncompliance may slightly decrease immediately following a fine there are few changes to a firm’s long term compliance behavior. Furthermore, analyses of these data suggest that total fines levied prior to the most recent fine actually have a positive relationship with noncompliance. We suggest these results imply a decaying effect of deterrence that is perhaps connected to the organizational structure of the treadmill of production. 相似文献