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341.
This paper considers a generalization of the Banzhaf index which is used to quantify voting power in constituent bodies. The generalization allows unequal probabilities in voting outcomes and relies on historical voting data to highlight natural coalitions that exist between various constituent bodies. The approach is based on Bayesian modelling where estimates of voting probabilities are given by the posterior means of Dirichlet distributions. An example is provided concerning the voting power of provinces according to the amending formula to Canada's Constitution. 相似文献
342.
Nwamaka Okeke-Ogbuafor Tim Stuart Gray Selina M. Stead 《Journal of contemporary African studies : JCAS》2018,36(2):229-244
This article explores the perceptions of Ogoni people about the existence and causes of structural violence in their communities. It relies heavily on qualitative data collected from five oil-rich and three oil-poor Ogoni communities, between February and May 2014, during which 200 open-ended survey questionnaires were administered and 189 were returned. Three focus group discussions and 69 key informant interviews were also conducted. The findings of the article are that structural violence can be found in Ogoniland; it is manifested in both visible and invisible forms; it is blamed by elites on exogenous factors, but by the disadvantaged on both exogenous and endogenous factors; and it will only be eliminated by reducing inequality and increasing democratisation. 相似文献
343.
The relationship that exists in law between a student and the Higher Education Institution at which they first wish to study and then do study has been looked at in the past in terms of both private law (contract or contracts) and public law (member of the corporation etc.). The Teaching and Higher Education Act introduces a new component into the equation for the vast majority of students (the undergraduates) by requiring, subject to ‘means testing’, a direct contribution to fees. What effect might this have? The largest effect is that it will confirm the move to a student/HEI contract that is a consumer contract. The possible new admissions cycle will also play a part in the alteration of communications and formation of the contract. This shift will also impact upon how disputes might be resolved in the future and the level, clarity and timing of information that the HEI must provide. 相似文献
344.
345.
Summary The House of Lords recently set up a Select Committee on Medical Ethics to consider euthanasia and related medical decisions at the end of life. This followed widespread publicity surrounding recent cases, particular the trial and conviction of a doctor for the attempted murder of a consenting terminally ill patient, and the House of Lords' ruling that it is not unlawful to withdraw life-sustaining treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state. This paper suggests a perspective on some of the moral issues and conflicts which the House of Lords will no doubt consider. A legal structure in which medical euthanasia could be both permitted and controlled is then proposed involving two complementary mechanisms, a formal Euthanasia Notification procedure and a system of Euthanasia Tribunals.Senior Registrar in the Psychiatry of Old Age to the United Medical and Dental Schools and the South East Thames Regional Health Authority. 相似文献
346.
347.
Tim Reuter 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2016,41(3):479-507
It is commonly believed that the possibility to sue privately for antitrust damages increases the probability that anticompetitive actions are prosecuted at the cost of an increased probability that procompetitive actions are prosecuted. We extend the analysis by taking into account that private parties often submit evidence during public investigation. Such parties consider private suit as a partial substitute for public prosecution. The trial option might induce these parties to be less willing to contribute evidence to public cases. Private trials crowd out public prosecution. In effect, the probability of prosecution of anticompetitive actions might decrease, while the earlier result that the probability of prosecuted actions being prosecuted is confirmed. In general, while the attractiveness of trials weakly decreases by considering a reporting possibility, they can remain an enforcement efficacy increasing institution. 相似文献
348.
Tim R. Sass Ron W. Zimmer Brian P. Gill T. Kevin Booker 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2016,35(3):683-706
Since their inception in 1992, the number of charter schools has grown to more than 6,800 nationally, serving nearly three million students. Various studies have examined charter schools’ impacts on test scores, and a few have begun to examine longer‐term outcomes including graduation and college attendance. This paper is the first to estimate charter schools’ effects on earnings in adulthood, alongside effects on educational attainment. Using data from Florida, we first confirm previous research (Booker et al., 2011 ) that students attending charter high schools are more likely to graduate from high school and enroll in college. We then examine two longer‐term outcomes not previously studied in research on charter schools—college persistence and earnings. We find that students attending charter high schools are more likely to persist in college, and that in their mid‐20s they experience higher earnings. 相似文献
349.
Myriad studies show that politically-salient events influence civic and political engagement. Yet, on the other hand, decades of research indicate that familial factors mold political and civic dispositions early in life, before an individual experiences political events outside the family. Viewing these two lines of research together, we ask if individuals’ political and civic dispositions might be influenced not solely by their own experiences, but, also, by the experiences of those individuals who create their family environment—namely, their parents. Do parents’ life experiences—before the birth of their children—affect their offspring’s public engagement? To answer that question, we examine how the assignment of military service, via the Vietnam-era Selective Service Lotteries, affected rates of public participation among the children of draft-eligible men. Our analysis finds a negative relationship between a father’s probability of draft-induced military service and his offspring’s public participation. In addition to highlighting how parents’ life experiences can influence the social behavior of their children, this finding challenges the prevailing view that the Vietnam conflict did not contribute to declining civic engagement and it shows how experiences within bureaucratic institutions can yield long-standing effects on politically-relevant behaviors. 相似文献
350.
Tim Lockley 《The History of the Family》2018,23(1):75-89
This case study traces family formation among enslaved people on a South Carolina rice plantation owned by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney in the first half of the nineteenth century. It uses a rare set of documents to show how enslaved people were brought together mainly via inheritance (rather than purchase) to form a new community, and how they responded to frequent mobility within the holdings of a single planter. It also highlights the peculiar challenges to stable family formation that were unique to the South Carolina lowcountry, including individuals being separated from the main body of the community for periods of time while working on other holdings; the presence of a higher percentage of African-born individuals than was usual for the antebellum South; and the devastating impact of the highest mortality experienced by a mainland slave population. 相似文献