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881.
882.
Angela Martin Crowly James Rauch Susanne Seagrave David A. Smith 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1998,33(2):30-57
For more than two decades, economists and sociologists have pursued parallel cross-national quantitative investigations of
the determinants of economic development. These investigations have proceeded in mutual ignorance despite the often large
overlap in statistical methods and data employed. Apparently contradictory findings have resulted, especially regarding the
impacts of international trade and foreign direct investment. We find that there are two factors that account for these inconsistent
results. One key factor is the use of different variables to measure international trade and investment, the choice of which
is in turn driven by underlying differences in theoretical motivations. A second important difference involves sociologists’
greater preoccupation with more complex multivariate models versus economists’ greater willingness to focus on individual
variables in multivariate regressions while viewing others as “controls.” A major finding of our survey is that when thesame variables are used, the results of economists and sociologists tend to be consistent, rather than contradictory (as might
have occurred, for example, because of the use of different samples of countries or time periods, or the use of other variables
included in the regression equations). We also consider some studies whose purviews go beyond economic growth to consider
factors such as income inequality, physical quality of life, demographic change, and basic needs provisioning.
Angela Martin Crowly is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. James
Rauch is at the department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
Susanna Seagrave is at the U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. 20548.
David A. Smith is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. 相似文献
883.
884.
885.
David Hirschmann 《Development in Practice》2002,12(1):20-32
This article focuses on performance measurement in the democracy and governance (DG) programme of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in its Zimbabwe mission. The article tells the story of one qualitative indicator used for measuring progress, namely the 'Advocacy Index'. It traces the history of this indicator, from rationale and concept through the early stages of implementation. The article discusses the problems of quantitative measurement and observes that there have been a number of suggested 'qualitative' responses. It goes on to describe the introduction of the Advocacy Index by the USAID mission and the responses of its Zimbabwean partners, and draws out some tentative lessons and questions raised by the experience. 相似文献
886.
David Ambrosetti 《Global Society》2010,24(2):151-171
When investigating why state decision makers opt for intervention in the heart of armed violence abroad, many scholars refer to new humanitarian norms appearing among state officers, particularly within the UN. In these approaches, “norm entrepreneurs”, and the high risks of public opprobrium they are supposed to induce, stand at the front stage of normative change. Compliance with newly promoted normative ideas seems totally bereft of professional risks, though. This paper intends to bring back in a dimension of norms that is central in sociology: social sanction. Investigating how social sanctions are practically enacted among diplomats at the United Nations precisely provides useful data to detect the many norms that prosper beyond—and before—normative enterprises, and to assess why the humanitarian idea and the recent “responsibility to protect” still have weak normative effects, practically speaking. The international failures in Rwanda and more recently in Darfur deserve re-examination in this prospect. 相似文献
887.
Robert C. Bird 《American Business Law Journal》2010,47(4):575-586
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889.
David Zetland 《Public Choice》2010,145(3-4):331-337
Bilateral or multilateral organizations control about 90% of official overseas development assistance (ODA), much of which is wasted. This note traces aid failure to the daisy chain of principal-agent-beneficiary relationships linking rich donors to aid bureaucrats to poor recipients. Waste results when aid middlemen (un)intentionally misdirect ODA. Waste can be reduced by clarifying domestic goals for ODA, using fewer middlemen with greater intrinsic motivation, empowering recipients, and/or replacing bureaucracy with markets. 相似文献
890.
David Merriman 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1991,7(1):19-39
Since the end of World War II there has been a dramatic decrease in reported Japanese crime. Adult arrest rates have fallen steadily since the early 1950s and juvenile arrest rates have fallen since the early 1960s. An economic analysis of crime predicts that crime rates depend upon returns to crime relative to returns in legal pursuits and the certainty and severity of punishment. Regression analysis is used to test this theory using Japanese data. The empirical results indicate that the economic model does not outperform alternative naive models. However, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in returns to legitimate work diminish both adult and juvenile crime. Unemployment affects some adult crimes but has little impact on juvenile crime. The share of the population in poverty has no significant impact on either type of crime. Increases in the certainty of punishment deters adult crime but there is little evidence that increases in either the certainty or the severity of punishment deter juvenile crime. There is weak evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the severity of adult punishments deter crime. 相似文献