We conduct the first long-term experimental evaluation of a need-based financial aid program, the privately funded Wisconsin Scholars Grant. Over multiple cohorts, the program failed to increase degree completion and graduate school enrollment up to 10 years after matriculation. The program did reduce time-to-degree for some students and modestly increased the number of STEM degrees earned. The lack of robust effects raises important questions about the conditions necessary for financial aid to benefit students. 相似文献
This paper traces a new development in regulation that encourages utilities to engage more directly with their customers. We make four contributions: First, we perform a comprehensive analysis of how regulators are using customer engagement, and offer a simple model for understanding different customer engagement initiatives. Second, we review assessments of customer engagement. We find that there are no quantitative, empirically robust assessments of the effectiveness of customer engagement as a regulatory tool. Third, we develop two detailed case studies of an energy regulator and a water regulator that are in the forefront of customer engagement efforts. We find that there is no direct link between the engagement strategy used and the economic incentives received by a firm. Finally, we propose a framework for improving the customer engagement process. The new framework relies on microeconomics, modern tools of program evaluation, and supplying the regulated firm with direct incentives to engage with the customer. 相似文献
China’s rise as a global power corresponded with a diminution of Taiwanese diplomacy, which has left Central America as the last region to host a continuous bloc of countries that recognize the ROC. In this article, we argue that China’s success in gaining diplomatic recognition from Taiwan’s former allies has largely resulted from China's economic policy, specifically its promises of large-scale infrastructure projects and the integration of Central American economies with Chinese markets. However, there are limits to how far China has advanced in gaining full recognition from the region. The competing political and economic interests of China, Taiwan, the United States, and the Central American countries themselves, continue to influence patterns of diplomatic switching. More specifically, we argue that the threat of punitive measures from the United States combined with a turn in Taiwanese diplomacy toward assistance efforts to combat Covid-19 may deter future switching in the short to medium-term. Our analysis offers case studies of four Central American countries (Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador and Nicaragua) to illustrate the multi-year processes by which China’s economic strategy leads to diplomatic switching and examine the paths ahead for the remaining holdouts facing the prospect of economic and political penalties by the United States.
This paper investigates the interplay between the Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP) and the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) in Malawi. We take advantage of data collected from a 17-month evaluation of a sample of households eligible to receive SCTP, which also provided information about inclusion into FISP. We estimate two types of synergies: i) the complementarity between SCTP and FISP, that is whether the impact of both interventions run together is larger than the sum of the impacts of these interventions when run separately, and ii) the incremental impact of receiving FISP when a household already receives SCTP, as well as the incremental impact of receiving SCTP when a household already receives FISP. The analysis shows that there are synergies between the two policy interventions, mainly in terms of incremental impacts of each programme over the other, in increasing expenditure, agricultural production and livestock. 相似文献
The Australian White Ribbon Day 2006 campaign was severely criticized by mental health professionals and those working in the family and domestic violence sector because of depictions of suicide and self‐harm in the television advertisement and accompanying promotional materials. The White Ribbon Day (WRD) National Leadership Group (NLG) rejected all requests by concerned groups to not use these campaign materials. They and their apologists claimed that such violent imagery was necessary to attract men's attention and was being misinterpreted as depicting suicide attempts.
With preliminary ethics approval we set out to assess reactions to the television advertisement. After 24 interviews, the testing was terminated by the university research ethics officer after two male respondents demonstrated significant distress after viewing the ad. Furthermore, the results by that stage showed that there were perceived messages of suicide in the ad. These results were sent to the WRD NLG with a request to reconsider proceeding with the television advertisement and associated materials. Mental health and domestic violence organizations lodged similar requests. All requests were rejected. The case raises a number of ethical issues for pro‐social organizations when dealing with sensitive issues and using execution techniques that may impact negatively on vulnerable audiences.
Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study
examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups
of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses,
using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed
risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors,
with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and
girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly
higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups.
These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk
factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology. 相似文献
Studies using valid measures of monitoring activities have not found the anticipated main effects linking greater monitoring
activity with fewer behavioral problems. This study focused on two contexts in which monitoring activities may be particularly
influential. Early adolescents (n = 218, M age = 11.5 years, 51% female, 49% European American, 47% African American) reported their unsupervised time, beliefs about
the legitimacy of their parents’ authority, and their own involvement in antisocial behavior. Mothers and adolescents reported
their perceptions of adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation and control. Adolescents’ perceptions of greater parental
solicitation at age 11 were associated with less antisocial behavior at age 12 (when controlling for age 11 antisocial behavior)
among adolescents reporting large amounts of unsupervised time and weak legitimacy beliefs. Perceived parental solicitation
may be an effective deterrent of antisocial behavior when adolescents spend a lot of time unsupervised and for adolescents
who are likely to challenge the legitimacy of their parents’ authority. 相似文献
Do scholars inspired by Leo Strauss adhere to, or diverge from, his teachings as they contribute to turn of the twenty-first-century American conservative thought and new conceptions of the American political executive and constitutional order? Analyzing Strauss' view of the twofold task of political philosophy, as well as his position that modern political philosophy inexorably leads to philosophic and moral crises, the scaffolding of Strauss' political outlook – and the dimensions of its contemporary relevance – will begin to take shape. Turning to the writings on America by many of Strauss' most notable students, we discover that most of them point back to the admittedly liberal theories of John Locke and the American founders as the starting point for defining a new conservative outlook that will address the problems of modernity. We are thus confronted by a quandary. How can an important current of Strauss-inspired scholarship put forth that the theories of Locke and the American founders provide the foundation for addressing a crisis that Strauss states is rooted in that very modernity? We will discover that the thought of Strauss and an important strand of Straussianism are not the same, because Strauss-inspired scholarship on America adheres to only a facet of Strauss' two-pronged political philosophy. Strauss, however, cannot disavow responsibility for these students and followers, who embrace an important current of his thinking. 相似文献
This article examines the well-documented relationship between early initiation or onset of criminal behavior and a heightened
risk of involvement in offending. Previous research examining this question conducted by Nagin and Farrington (Criminology
30:235–260, 1992a; Criminology 30:501–523, 1992b) used data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and found that: (1) onset age was correlated with offending
involvement; and (2) the correlation could be explained by stable individual differences in the propensity to offend rather
than a causal effect of early onset age. In this study, similar analytic methods are applied to data from the Second Philadelphia
Birth Cohort. This data set consists of all 13,160 males born in Philadelphia in 1958 who resided in the city continuously
from ages 10 to 18, slightly more than half of whom were non-white. Information from each of the youths was collected from
schools, juvenile justice agencies, other official sources and surveys. In a model that mimics previous analyses, we initially
found that an early age of onset is associated with greater subsequent involvement in delinquent behavior. When unobserved
criminal propensity was controlled, however, we found that a late rather than an early onset of delinquency was related to
future offending. In finding a state dependent effect for age of onset, our findings are contrary to propensity theory in
criminology. In finding that it is late rather early onset which puts youth at risk for future offending, our findings are
contrary to developmental/life course theory. Our results are more compatible with traditional criminological theory that
is friendly to state dependence processes, though they too have not to date articulated why a late onsetting of offending
might be particularly criminogenic.
Raymond PaternosterEmail:
Sarah Bacon
is an Assistant Professor in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Florida. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. Her research interests focus on quantitative methods, testing
criminological theory, and capital punishment. This paper is an extension of work conducted for her M.A. thesis at the University
of Maryland.
Raymond Paternoster
is Professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland and Faculty Affiliate of
the Maryland Population Research Center, College Park, Maryland. He received his Ph.D. from Florida State University. His
research interests focus on testing criminological theory, the relationship between events in adolescence and delinquency,
and capital punishment.
Robert Brame
is Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. His current research interests focus on domestic violence, the use
of criminal records for screening purposes, linkages between adolescent employment and criminal behavior, and capital punishment. 相似文献