MARKET ANALYSIS IN THE PRESENCE OF INDIRECT CONSTRAINTS AND CAPTIVE SALES

In antitrust cases as well as for regulated industries, thequestion of how to treat indirect constraint and captive salescorrectly has become of major importance in Europe. The (im-)propertreatment of indirect constraints has lead the CFI to overturnthe Commission's decision in the proposed merger of Schneiderand Legrand. Moreover, with regards to the definition of wholesalebroadband access markets, there is an ongoing controversy betweenthe Commission and some National Regulatory Authorities, centeringon the question of whether to incorporate indirect constraintsalready at the stage of market definition. To inform this debate,we present in this article some of the insights from a detailedformal analysis into markets with indirect constraints and captivesales. We show how indirect constraints are appropriately takeninto account through the elasticity of derived demand and commentalso on the informativeness of concentration measures on boththe wholesale and retail market. We further derive insightsinto when indirect constraints may be more or less importantcompared with direct constraints. Finally, we also discuss themore practical difficulties that are encountered when analyzing(or estimating) market structures where forward integrated firmsalso sell to other, competing retail firms.     

The problems and pitfalls of quantitative methods in urban analysis

The utilization of quantitative methods in urban analysis is a complicated endeavor faced with many serious problems. The purpose of this paper is to inventory and explain the problems and pitfalls in their utilization. Three types of problems are catalogued: conceptual/technical, administrative and societal. Within the first two categories, the problems are further dimensioned as either analytical or decisional in nature.The place of quantitative methods in urban analysis is discussed first. Problems and pitfalls are then defined, catalogued and ordered sequentially as they confront the urban analyst and policy-maker. An assessment of quantitative methods in urban policy-making is presented and the organizational factors necessary for implementing successful quantitative urban analysis programs indicated.Throughout a general perspective is maintained and specific examples are employed to punctuate general propositions.A modified version of this was presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of The Operation Research Society of America, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 1972.     

The estimation of stature on the basis of measurements of the femur

The study aims to establish the relationship between body height and the greatest length of the femur. The motive for undertaking these examinations was the lack in the literature of studies that allow -- with reference to the current population of Central Europe -- the reconstruction of height while alive based on measurements of a skeleton. It was decided to examine isolated bones from human remains undergoing forensic autopsy, and belonging to individuals of both sexes whose growth processes had stopped. Examinations were conducted on 91 human bodies from the contemporary Polish population. The research points to a very close relationship between the length of a dead body and the measured greatest length of the femur. This relationship was expressed in nine coefficients of correlation calculated for both sexes.     

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