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704.
Alan P. Tuohy Michael J. Wrennall Ronald A. McQueen Stephen G. Stradling 《Law and human behavior》1993,17(2):167-181
Scottish police recruits rated the effect of various circumstances on decisions whether or not to take action against a hypothetical traffic offender. Ratings were obtained at induction (Basic group) and after one year's service (Advanced group), both before and after training periods. Factor analysis showed a primary “in-group” factor before training, together with subsidiary “special cases” and “costs and benefits” factors, on all of which the Basic group was significantly more ready to take action. Factor analysis of the after-training responses showed that the primary factor was special cases, with subsidiary in-group and out-group factors. The Basic group was not significantly different from the Advanced group on the latter two, but was still more likely to take action against special cases. These results are discussed in terms of organizational socialization and professional culture. 相似文献
705.
Ronald L. Williams 《Policy Sciences》1975,6(1):91-101
The paradox of a statistically weak linkage between physician density and measures of health based on outcome has recently received much attention because of its importance to health planning policy. It is demonstrated here that the linkage is stronger than indicated by previous studies if the statistical model is more carefully specified. A single case-type is chosen so that the impact of physician services is not filtered out by the aggregation process and a quantitative variable measuring case severity is derived. When statistical techniques are applied to correct for case-risk and for the inherent heteroscedasticity in observed mortality rates across states and time, the positive effect of physician density on health is shown to be statistically highly significant. Thus the apparently paradoxical findings in previous studies may be a result of failing to correct not only for differences in case severity but also for variations in sample errors. Also, even though the magnitude of physician impact is small compared to non-medical variables, an exploratory estimate of the impact of government programs focused on prevention suggests that present allocations between prevention and treatment may approximate optimality.The project upon which this paper is based was performed pursuant to Research Grant HS01036 from the Bureau of Health Services Research and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The author wishes to acknowledge the advice and encouragement of Llad Phillips and H. E. Frech. 相似文献
706.
Ronald E. Vogel 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1988,13(1):40-48
From the mid to late 70s, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) developed a process for accrediting post-secondary
criminal justice education programs. The academy gave form to the program by developing guidelines and a complex organizational
network. However, the program did not reach fruition for a variety of economic and political reasons and it is doubtful that
the Academy will attempt to resurrect the program soon. Even though the accreditation movement was abandoned on the national
level, the North Carolina Association of Criminal Justice Educators (NCACJE) decided to implement the program and stepped
into a very lengthy and political process. 相似文献
707.
Ronald D. Brunner J. Samuel Fitch Janet Grassia Lyn Kathlene Kenneth R. Hammond 《Policy Sciences》1987,20(4):365-394
Both research and practical experience suggest that alternative forms of data analysis and presentation may affect their use
in the policy arena. The variable-wise alternative produces estimates of population parameters through conventional statistical
techniques. The case-wise alternative defines and identifies qualitatively distinct types of cases through techniques of numerical
taxonomy. In the experiment reported here, variable-wise and case-wise presentations of Census data on poverty were used to
compare the effects of the alternatives on policy makers in a priority-setting task. The results show that the case-wise alternative
can improve utilization, assimilation, recall, and recognition of the data. Under the circumstances examined here, the case-wise
alternative is a practical means of increasing the return on the public's investment in data resources to improve policy decisions. 相似文献
708.
John R. Lutzker Kathryn M. Bigelow Ronald M. Doctor Maria Lynn Kessler 《Journal of family violence》1998,13(2):163-185
This paper describes Project SafeCare, an ecobehavioral research and treatment project with families reported or at risk for child abuse or neglect. Preliminary demographic data are reviewed along with indirect assessment data. Four case studies are described to exemplify the effects of training provided to families. The implications for the current assessment data, treatment, and outcome are discussed. 相似文献
709.
The potential for breath freshener strips to interfere with the accuracy of a breath alcohol test was studied. Twelve varieties of breath freshener strips from five manufacturers were examined. Breath tests were conducted using the infrared based BAC DataMaster or the fuel cell based Alco-Sensor IV-XL, 30 and 150 seconds after placing a breath strip on the tongue. No effect was observed using the Alco-Sensor system. Some of the strips gave a small reading at 30 seconds (less than or equal to 0.010 g/210 L apparent alcohol) using the DataMaster. Readings on the DataMaster returned to zero by the 150 second test. A proper pre-test observation and deprivation period should prevent any interference from breath freshener strips on breath alcohol testing. 相似文献
710.
While there is an increasing recognition that developmental differences may exist in legal decision-making, little research has examined this. This study examined the legal judgments of 152 defendants aged 11–17 (73 females, 79 males). Adolescents aged 15 and younger were more likely than older adolescents to confess and waive their right to counsel, and less likely to report that they would appeal their case or discuss disagreements with their attorneys. Also, while adolescents aged 15–17 were more likely to confess, plead guilty, and accept a plea bargain if they perceived that there was strong evidence against them, younger defendants’ legal decisions were not predicted by the strength of evidence. Importantly, defendants with poor legal abilities were more likely to waive legal protections, such as the right to counsel and to appeal. Defendants from below-average socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to waive their interrogation rights, and defendants from ethnic minority groups were less likely to report that they would disclose information to their attorneys. The advice of attorneys, parents, and peers emerged as important predictors of plea decisions. None of the defendants reported that their parents advised them to assert the right to silence during police interrogation. 相似文献