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41.
42.
Abstract This paper explores the thesis that the main impact of the new constitutional Charter of Rights on the Canadian system of government is to increase the role of the judiciary in deciding how fundamental social and political values should be affected by public policy. The first part of the paper. by reviewing the significant role which trial and appeal courts already play in shaping public policy, aims at overcoming a tendency to exaggerate the change in our system of government resulting from the Charter. The second part identifies the factors which will influence the judicial response to the Charter and the policy areas in relation to which judicial interpretation will be most significant. The analysis shows that the Charter's major impacts will likely include much greater judicial supervision of police activity and centralization of policy-making under the leadership of the Supreme Court on questions of social justice and minority-language rights. It concludes that, while the Charter will increase Canadians' understanding of judicial policy-making, it represents a retreat from reliance on the political process to resolve divisive social issues. Sommaire. Le présent article examine la thèse selon laquelle le principal effet de la nouvelle Charte des droits constitutionnels sur le système de gouvemement canadien sera d'accroître le rôle du pouvoir judiciaire dans la détermination de la façon dont les valeurs sociales et politiques fondamentales devraient être affectées par les politiques publiques. La première partie de l'article passe en revue Ie rôle important que jouent déjà les tribunaux et les cours d'appel, ainsi que l'influence que ces institutions exercent sur la politique publique, ceci afin de neutraliser une tendance à exagérer les changements qu'apporterait la charte à notre système de gouvernement. La seconde partie identifie les facteurs qui pourront influencer la réponse judiciairs à la charte ainsi que les domaines politiques où l'interprétation judiciaire de cette charte aura le plus d'importance. L'analyse démontre que l'adoption de la charte entraînera des conséquences importantes, qui comprendront probablement une surveillance judiciaire des activités de la police beaucoup plus développée et une centralisation, sous la direction de la Cour suprême, de l'élaboration de politiques en matière de justice sociale et de droits linguistiques des minorités. L'auteur conclut que bien que la charte permettra aux Canadiens de mieux saisir le rôle de la Cour dans l'élaboration des politiques, elle représente un recul du recours au processus politique en ce qui concerne la résolution des questions sociales contentieuses. 相似文献
43.
Johnson RD Lewis RJ Canfield DV Dubowski KM Blank CL 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(3):670-675
Specimens from fatal aviation accident victims are submitted to the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute for toxicological analysis. During toxicological evaluations, ethanol analysis is performed on all cases. Care must be taken when interpreting a positive ethanol result due to the potential for postmortem ethanol formation. Several indicators of postmortem ethanol formation exist; however, none are completely reliable. The consumption of ethanol has been shown to alter the concentration of two major serotonin metabolites, 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA). While the 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio is normally very low, previous studies using living subjects have demonstrated that the urinary 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio is significantly elevated for 11-19 h after acute ethanol ingestion. Recently, our laboratory developed and validated an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of both 5-HTOL and 5-HIAA in forensic urine samples using a simple liquid/liquid extraction and LC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS/MS. In this previous work a 15 pmol/nmol serotonin metabolite ratio cutoff was established in postmortem urine, below which it could be conclusively determined that no recent antemortem ethanol consumption had occurred. In the current study this newly validated analytical method was applied to five ethanol-positive aviation fatalities where the origin of the ethanol present could not previously be conclusively determined. In four of the five cases examined the detected ethanol was demonstrated to be present due to postmortem microbial formation, and not consumption, even though some indication of ethanol consumption may have been present. 相似文献
44.
Massonnet G Buzzini P Jochem G Stauber M Coyle T Roux C Thomas J Leijenhorst H Van Zanten Z Wiggins K Russell C Chabli S Rosengarten A 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(5):1028-1038
A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six different manufacturers were tested as well as nine different laser wavelengths ranging from blue (lambda = 458 nm) to near infrared-NIR (lambda = 1064 nm). This represents the largest comparison study of Raman analytical parameters carried out on identical fiber samples. For the chosen fiber and dye samples, red lasers (lambda = 633 and 685 nm) gave the poorest spectral quality whereas blue (458 nm), green (514 nm) and near infrared lasers (785, 830 and 1064 nm) provided average results. Blue (488 nm) and green lasers (532 nm) globally gave the best quality spectra. Fluorescence problems were often encountered with some of the excitation wavelengths and therefore a flexible Raman instrument equipped with different lasers can be recommended to measure forensic fiber samples. The instrument should also be equipped with a Raman microscope in order to be able to focus on a single fiber. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy usually enables the identification of the main dye present in a colored fiber; however, minor dye components are much more difficult to detect. SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering) techniques give an improvement of the dye's spectral intensity but no spectral improvement was observed for the two red acrylic and red wool fibers tested. 相似文献
45.
Batalis NI Harley RA Collins KA 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2005,26(4):343-348
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease process which results in a large, heavy heart, with hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricle. HCM accounts for a significant number of cases of sudden cardiac death each year, most infamously in young athletes. The prevalence of the disease has increased over the past several years due to advances in clinical diagnosis and molecular genetic studies. Over this same period, new forms of treatment also have emerged. One such treatment is alcohol septal ablation (ASA). ASA is a procedure performed by a cardiologist, via cardiac catheterization, by injecting pure ethanol into selected arteries which supply the IVS, resulting in a targeted myocardial infarction. This infarct then retracts and forms a scar, decreasing the outflow obstruction and improving the patient's clinical symptoms.The authors report 2 cases of death following ASA treatment of HCM. The first, a 56-year-old male, had his ASA procedure 10 days prior to death. The second decedent, a 76-year-old female, had her procedure only 30 hours before death. These case reports are followed by a discussion about HCM, including pathology, treatments, and treatment-related pathology, before closing with a discussion about death certification in the cases presented and therapy-related deaths in general. 相似文献
46.
47.
Value Choices and American Public Opinion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William G. Jacoby 《American journal of political science》2006,50(3):706-723
Individual preferences among core values are widely believed to be an important determinant of political attitudes. However, several theoretical perspectives suggest that people experience difficulties making choices among values. This article uses data from the 1994 Multi-Investigator Study to test for hierarchical structure in citizens' value preferences. The empirical results show that most people make transitive choices among values and that their value preferences have an impact on subsequent issue attitudes. To the extent that citizens exhibit intransitive value choices and/or apparent difficulties in the "translation process" from value preferences to issue attitudes, it is due more to low levels of political sophistication than to the existence of value conflict. 相似文献
48.
American Grand Strategy in a World at Risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Walter Russell Mead 《Orbis》2005,49(4):589-598
If there is no single long-standing American grand strategy, one nonetheless sees through the course of U.S. history the tracks of a grand strategy. It started with the idea of a U.S. monopoly in the Western Hemisphere, along with balances of power in the chief theaters of the world; with belief in the primacy of sea and air power and the need for an economic system to support these; and the objective of transforming international politics. Since 9/11, even if the strategic hierarchy, intensity, and political basis have changed, the Bush administration has largely been continuing in this same project, with a sensible strategy but poorly considered tactics. 相似文献
49.
William Russell Scott 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1986,2(1):10-28
Administrators of law enforcement agencies are increasingly caught up in conflicts between demands to increase educational standards for police officers and the need to justify those increased standards based upon job relevance. On the one hand, national commissions suggest four year degree prerequisites for entry level into police work; on the other hand, police administrators are reluctant to impose rigid higher educational requirements because of possible negative ramifications such as a limited recruitment pool, rapid officer turnover, and court mandates to prove the job relevance of a college education. This study addresses these concerns by reviewing current empirical studies and relevant court decisions which add insight into this topic and which will, hopefully, assist administrators in making decisions regarding college educational requirements for hiring and promotion. 相似文献
50.
Scholars have long understood that structuring internal work processes into more hierarchical or team‐based arrangements has consequences for organizational outputs. Building on this insight, this research examines the relationship between how agencies organize their rulemaking routines and the resulting rules. Tracking the job functions of rule contacts for economically significant rules proposed over a four‐year period, the analysis demonstrates that expanding the breadth of personnel types closely involved in a rulemaking is associated with a reduction in the time it takes to promulgate the rule. However, increasing the pace at which rules are finalized is not without cost, as those completed faster appear more likely to be overturned when challenged in court. The article not only adds another dimension to empirical scholarship studying rulemaking, which has largely focused on how forces originating outside the agency affect rules, but also suggests the importance of considering competing priorities in designing rulemaking processes. 相似文献