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381.
Golding Jonathan M. Sanchez Rebecca Polley Sego Sandra A. 《Law and human behavior》1997,21(3):299-325
Two experiments investigated how mock jurors react to hearsay testimony in a case involving child sexual assault. Participants read a fictional criminal trial summary involving the sexual assault of a 4-(Experiment 2 only), 6-, or 14-year-old female. The summaries were presented in one of four conditions: (a) child condition—the alleged victim testified; (b) hearsay condition—the alleged victim did not testify, but an adult hearsay witness did testify; (c) multiple condition (Experiment 1 only)—both the alleged victim and the adult hearsay witness testified; and (d) no-witness condition—neither the alleged victim nor the hearsay witness testified. The hearsay testimony was believed to a considerable degree, and this testimony led to an increase in the perceived guilt of the defendant. Moreover, these results were comparable to those of conditions in which the alleged victim testified. The results are discussed in terms of the psychosocial factors affecting the perception of hearsay testimony in a child sexual assault trial. 相似文献
382.
Sixteen percent of children 6-11 years of age were classified as overweight in 1999-2002, four times the percentage in 1965. Although poverty has traditionally been associated with underweight as a result of poor diet, researchers have recently pointed to a paradox in the U.S., which is that low income and obesity can coexist in the same population. This paper first examines whether income is linked to overweight in school-age children. Second, it explores whether food programs such as the Food Stamp Program, the National School Lunch Program, and the School Breakfast Program are associated with overweight among children in different income groups. The data come from the nationally representative 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement. No evidence either that poor children are more likely to be overweight or that food programs contribute to overweight among poor children was found. 相似文献
383.
This paper examines whether a random sample of adults can apply local contemporary community standards regarding the acceptability of explicit sexual material. Inasmuch as the legal test employed in the U.S. for determining obscenity requires a jury to apply such standards, the research examines the practicality of such an approach. The analysis indicates that the best predictor of what an individual will perceive the community standards to be is the individual's own standards concerning sexual material. The implications of these findings are examined from both a legal and social science perspective. In addition, the consequences of not providing jurors information concerning local standards are discussed.A previous version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association in Chicago, May 29–June 1, 1986. The authors wish to thank Debbie Edwards, Jane Warne, and the anonymous reviewers fromLaw and Human Behavior for their helpful comments and suggestions concerning the paper. 相似文献
384.
An attributional examination of retributive versus utilitarian philosophies of punishment 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Two basic goals of punishment—retribution and utility—and the means to those goals, including isolation, rehabilitation, and
the creation of fear, were first examined. The objectives of punishment were then related to attributions regarding the cause
of a transgression. It was documented that punishment goals are mediated by the expectancies and affects that are elicited
by causal beliefs. It also was argued that the purposes of punishment are more state-like than trait-like, for they change
as a function of the reason for a transgression. Data from three laboratory experiments, as well as a field study regarding
reactions to O. J. Simpson for his alleged crimes, were presented in support of the above beliefs. In addition, the morality
of retribution versus utilitarianism was discussed in the context of the caning of Michael Fay in Singapore. It is suggested
that rehabilitation may be the most moral of the punishment means. 相似文献
385.
Access to quality health care for victims of abuse is often limited by the attitudes of health care professionals. Data collected from female nursing students (n = 155) revealed that those students with more egalitarian sex-role beliefs and a greater sense of control over life events were more sympathetic to battered women than those students with more traditional sex-role attitudes and less perceived control. Sex-role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Implications for health care practitioners and policy makers are presented. 相似文献
386.
Sandra Davis 《Political Behavior》1987,9(1):29-48
Richard McKelvey predicts that candidates will converge to an equilibrium if candidates and voters maximize their utility and voters' preferences conform to stringent assumptions. Although there are discrepancies between electoral data and the requirements of the theory, an analysis of 1972 and 1976 survey data lends support to basic components of the theory. First, most voters did choose the candidate who provided the greater utility. Second, voter distribution was not asymmetrical enough to allow a candidate to win by moving away from the median toward a concentration of voters. Third, the winning strategy for a candidate was to locate at or near the median. While formal theories' predictions will not hold in their precisely stated form, the assumptions can be robust enough to offer an explanation of electoral choices. 相似文献
387.
In 1986, most of the centuries-old barriers against interstatebranch banking fell. By the end of the year, thirty-seven stateshad passed legislation authorizing some form of interstate branchbanking. Moreover, two federal judicial decisions had clearedthe way for interstate banking by restricting state regulatoryauthority over interstate branch banking when it is conductedeither through a shared-use automatic teller machine or by a"nonbank bank." These developments have dramatically changedthe nature of the business of banking, creating an entirelynew legislative agenda for states. High on the list of the itemsthat states must now consider are regulatory and tax parityamong competing financial institutions; multiple taxation offinancial institutions that do business in several states; taxavoidance by out-of-state banks; and out-dated jurisdictionalstandards. 相似文献
388.
This study investigated the relationship between field independence–dependence (FD) and self-esteem in preadolescent girls and boys. Sixty-three Grade 6 students (33 girls, 30 boys) completed the Group Embedded Figures Test [H. Witkin, P. Oltman, E. Raskin, and S. Karp (1971). A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test, consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA] and the Self-Esteem Inventory [S. Coopersmith, (1967)]. The Antecedents of Self-Esteem, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA]. Results indicated that, contrary to prediction, girls did not have lower self-esteem than boys. The hypothesis that field independence and self-esteem correlated negatively for girls and positively for boys was confirmed. The implications of these findings for educational practice and future research are discussed. 相似文献
389.
390.
Sandra Schrouder 《Development in Practice》2008,18(2):273-279
With a rapidly growing population and limited resources, accountability has taken on increased importance, especially in the area of public management. To assess the effectiveness of public spending on education in the Caribbean, this article compares performance in five Caribbean nations, looking at input indicators such as the teacher–pupil ratio, expenditure per pupil, the number of adequately trained teachers as a proportion of total teaching staff, and public commitment to education. It analyses their impact on output indicators, including performance in English and mathematics, the repetition rate, and survival rate to the final grade in school. The article concludes that the levels of efficiency in the development of human capital in the Caribbean are very uneven, and that serious challenges face Caribbean countries as they seek to maximise the returns on their investment in education. 相似文献