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831.
Brain, liver, rectal and environmental temperatures were continuously monitored under controlled conditions, in 117 forensic fatalities, for up to 60 h after death. Cases were studied either naked (63%) or covered with two blankets (37%). Bodies were classified into fat and thin groups. Statistical analysis and curve-fitting of the data yielded the average triple-exponential formulae for each body site and each body group. The effects of covering of the torso and body parameters such as weight, height, surface area and 'cooling size factor' (Z) on postmortem cooling are assessed and discussed. Results show that covering of the torso has a significant influence on the rate of postmortem cooling, however, there is no good correlation between the body variables and the cooling rate. 相似文献
832.
The temperatures of three body sites, namely, the brain, liver and the rectum as well as the temperature of the environment were continuously monitored, every 5-10 min, in 117 forensic cases commencing soon after death and in most cases, within 45 min postmortem. The body temperature at the moment of death was empirically determined by a computer-based extrapolation method. Thus, temperature data for the first 3h of each body site were fitted to single-exponential equations and the fitted curve was extrapolated backwards to obtain the intercept on the Y-axis (the temperature axis). The effect of body temperature at the moment of death on postmortem cooling rate is examined and factors influencing body temperature at death are discussed. Forensic fatalities associated with hyper and hypothermia are reviewed briefly. 相似文献
833.
Genomic diversity at 15 short tandem repeat loci is studied in four major endogamous populations of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. The studied populations included Thakur, Khatri, Kurmi and Jat; all of whom belong to Hindi speaking linguistic group of UP State of India. All the STR loci of Powerplex 16 System have been found highly significant in showing genomic diversity among the addressed populations. Homozygosity test values for all the 15 loci in studied population range between 0.053 and 0.999, following Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Distribution of allele pattern at fluorescent labeled 13 tetranucleotide repeat loci and two pentanucleotide repeat loci of Powerplex 16 System portrays that these markers are highly polymorphic, and thus, suitable in human identity testing and human genetic studies. 相似文献
834.
Genetic diversity study at STR loci in 208 individuals belonging to two backward groups, one caste and one tribal community of Central India called "Chhattisgarh" has been carried out to evaluate significance of Powerplex System loci in human identification and population diversity. Populations are Agharia (72), Satmani (50), Dheria Gond (36) and Teli (50). Fifteen loci (Powerplex 16 Kit) studied are Penta E, D18S51, D21S11, THO1, D3S1358, FGA, TPOX, D8S1179, vWA, Amelogenin, Penta D, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317 and D5S818. The studied penta nucleotide STR (two) and 13 tetranucleotide (CODIS ) STR are found to be highly polymorphic genetic markers in all studied populations. Most common allele for the four studied population has been found to be same at THO1 (allele 9), D8S1179 (allele 14), CSF1PO (allele 12), Penta E (allele 11) and D16S539 (allele 11). Penta E is found to be most polymorphic (PD=0.89373) among studied 15 STR loci in four populations of Central India. 相似文献
835.
836.
Juan C. Marín M.Sc. Ph.D. Cristian E. Saucedo D.V.M. Paulo Corti D.V.M. M.Sc. Ph.D. Benito A. González Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(5):1073-1076
Abstract: Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a protected and widely distributed ungulate in South America. A poacher, after killing guanacos in Valle Chacabuco, Chilean Patagonia, transported and stored the meat. Samples were retrieved by local police but the suspect argued that the meat was from a horse. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (774 pb), 15 loci microsatellites, and SRY gene were used to identify the species, number of animals and their population origin, and the sex of the animals, respectively. Analysis revealed that the samples came from a female (absence of SRY gene) Patagonian guanaco (assignment probability between 0.0075 and 0.0282), and clearly distinguishing it from sympatric ungulates (E‐value = 0). Based on the evidence obtained in the field in addition to forensic data, the suspect was convicted of poaching and illegally carrying fire arms. This is the first report of molecular tools being used in forensic investigations of Chilean wildlife indicating its promising future application in guanaco management and conservation. 相似文献
837.
The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), implemented statewide in California in July 2001, mandates drug treatment rather than incarceration for certain nonviolent drug offenders. Critics of the legislation suggest that crime increased as a result of the legislation, but researchers have largely ignored this issue. Utilizing time series methodology applied across several independent data sets from Orange County, California, the effects of SACPA on crime were assessed. Results indicate that significant increases in commercial burglaries and paraphernalia arrests may have been attributed to SACPA, but the overall pattern does not support a conclusion that crime increased markedly. 相似文献
838.
Social values and status cause diverse obstacles for escaping abuse (e.g., belief in the sanctity of marriage vs. financial
necessity to stay for survival). India provides a unique opportunity to explore the interplay of status and corresponding
patriarchal values in relation to the incidence of domestic violence and how it is viewed, coped with, and psychologically
impacting native women. Sixty-four women of Tamil Nadu, India were surveyed. Women of higher status were found to be less
likely to acknowledge abuse as a societal problem, accurately identify abuse events, and seek help or report abuse. Women
who had more realistic conceptions of abuse were more likely to seek help but also likely to experience more severe psychological
distress. All of the women surveyed had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder that were exacerbated by unsuspected variables.
The implications of these findings are discussed in light of public health strategies. 相似文献
839.
Christopher J. Sullivan Jean Marie McGloin James V. Ray Michael S. Caudy 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(4):419-441
Offending specialization continues to be a subject of empirical inquiry for scholars interested in criminal careers. Early
research consistently spoke to the generality of offending profiles, but more recent work has revealed somewhat mixed findings.
These results have emerged alongside newly developed and applied methods that detect and describe offending specialization.
To what extent these methods shape divergent conclusions and/or provide overlapping insight remains unclear, however. Therefore,
the degree to which more recent inquiries are actually studying the same operational definition of specialization is unknown.
In order to consider this issue further, this study utilizes four frequently applied approaches with a single data set. The
study indicates when and where findings converge and also describes any unique insights provided by each method. The work
concludes with a discussion surrounding the utility of applying multiple strategies in assessing specialization in criminal
offending. 相似文献
840.
Most prison systems use quantitative instruments to classify and assign inmates to prison security levels commensurate to
their level of risk. Bench and Allen (The Prison Journal 83(4):367-382, 2003) offer evidence that the assignment to higher security prisons produces elevated levels of misconduct independent of the
individual’s propensity to commit misconduct. Chen and Shapiro (American Law and Economics Review, 2007) demonstrate that assignment to higher security level among inmates with the same classification scores increases post-release
recidivism. Underlying both of these claims is the idea that the prison social environment is criminogenic. In this paper
we examine the theoretical premises for this claim and present data from the only experiment that has been conducted that
randomly assigns inmates to prison security levels and evaluates both prison misconduct and post-release recidivism. The experiment’s
results show that inmates with a level III security classification who were randomly assigned to a security level III prison
in the California prison system had a hazard rate of returning to prison that was 31% higher than that of their randomly selected
counterparts who were assigned to a level I prison. Thus, the offenders’ classification assignments at admission determined
their likelihood of returning to prison. There were no differences in the institutional serious misconduct rates of these
same prisoners. These results are contradictory to a specific deterrence prediction and more consistent with peer influence
and environmental strain theories. These results also raise important policy implications that challenge the way correctional
administrators will have to think about the costs and benefits of separating inmates into homogeneous pools based on classification
scores.
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献
Scott D. CampEmail: |
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献