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101.
The term "complex suicide" stands for suicides committed by using more than one method. A distinction can be made between planned and unplanned complex suicides (primary/secondary combinations). In planned complex suicides 2 or more methods are applied simultaneously in order to make sure that death will occur even if one method fails. In unplanned complex suicides the mode of performance is changed after the first method chosen failed or was working too slow or proved to be too painful. In planned complex suicides typically two of the generally common methods of suicide (e.g. ingestion of medicines, hanging, use of firearms, drowning, fall from a height) are combined. But also unusual combinations have been described such as the simultaneous firing of two guns, self-immolation in combination with other suicide methods or shooting oneself while driving a car. In unplanned complex suicides self-inflicted injuries by sharp force, especially cuts of the wrists, are often found as the primary act of suicide. In some cases the suicide switches from cuts to stabs (mostly to the heart region). Other methods often used after the first phase of suicide are hanging and jump from a height. In the literature the use of up to 5 suicidal methods applied one after the other have been described. 相似文献
102.
103.
Stefan Kühl 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2003,13(1):77-96
In diesem Artikel wird aus einer neoinstitutionalistischen Perspektive die Funktionsweise risikokapitalfinanzierter Unternehmen analysiert. Als Beispiel dient dabei der Internet-Hype von 1995 bis 2000. Aufgrund des schnellen Wachstums der [nternetunternehmen und der Möglichkeit, Anteile von sehr jungen Unternehmen an den Börsen zu handeln, war diese Branche ein geeignetes Investitionsfeld für Risikokapitalgesellschaften. Insofern davon ausgegangen wurde, dass eine schnelle Marktpenetration über Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Unternehmen im Internet entscheidet, waren nicht kurzfristige Profitabilität, sondern Nutzerzahlen, Bildschirmbesucher und Umsatzsteigerungen wichtig. Da die Geschäftsmodelle risikokapitalfinanzierter Unternehmen vorrangig auf einem Nachfluss von Geldern aus dem Kapitalmarkt aufgebaut sind, ist es für sie von wesentlicher Bedeutung, die ?Meilensteine“ auch zu erreichen, die sie bezüglich Nutzerzahlen, Umsatzsteigerung und Ergebnisverbesserung aufgestellt haben. Kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen nutzten deswegen ausgeprägt Möglichkeiten, um Nutzerzahlen, Bildschirmbesucher, Umsatz und Unternehmensergebnisse zu schönen. Die so entstehenden ?Unternehmensrealitäten“ basieren darauf, dass die Geldnachflüsse aus dem Kapitalmarkt sich fortsetzen. Wenn sie ausbleiben, brechen die Unternehmen wie Kartenhäuser in sich zusammen. 相似文献
104.
Bovine Spongiforme Enzephalopathie, kurz BSE, ist ein Kulminationspunkt einer Reihe sozialer Krisen: BSE ist Symbol für die Krise der Natur, die Krise des Gewissheitsanspruches der Wissenschaften, die Krise der Verwaltungen oder der Agro- und Fleischindustrie. Die BSE-Krise fordert die institutionelle Landschaft moderner Gesellschaften auf besondere Weise heraus. Aber augenscheinlich fällt es Verwaltungen und Regierungen oder einzelnen sub-politischen Akteuren wie Organisationen und Expertengemeinschaften schwer, auf das komplexe Problem zu reagieren. Die Pluralisierung von Wissensansprüchen, -ressourcen und Werthaltungen, aber auch die Zunahme von Ungewissheit und Nicht-Wissen erschweren die Chancen für eine Konvergenz der Problemsichten und die gemeinsame Organisation von Ma\nahmen zur Problemlösung. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern Gesellschaften überhaupt aus solchen Krisen ?lernen“ können. Die jüngere modemisierungstheoretische Diskussion setzt ihre Hoffnungen dabei auf die Lerneffekte von Netzwerken wie Epistemic Communities, Advocacy- oder Diskurskoalitionen, die die kollektiven Lernchancen quer zu den üblichen Disziplin-, Organisations- und Institutionsgrenzen denken. Der folgende Beitrag versucht über diese Ansätze hinauszugehen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Chancen kollektiven Lernens nicht nur von den akteursspezifischen und institutionellen Problemnarrationen abhängen, sondern auch von den institutionellen Kontexten und Verfahren, durch die das Lernen des Lernens organisiert wird. Ob sich durch das Zusammenspiel von Problemnarrationen und interorganisatorischer wie interinstitutioneller Kommunikation die Lernfähigkeit in den unterschiedlichen institutionellen Feldern erhöhen lässt oder sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit ihrer Blockierung erhöht, ist eine brennende Frage. 相似文献
105.
Stefan Bogaerts Geert Vervaeke Johan Goethals 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2000,8(4):503-515
Some important authors in the field of sexual delinquency stress the importance of inadequate attachment in the aetiology of sexual abusive behaviour. This contribution reports on parental sensitivity, trust, intimacy and adult romantic attachment in a group of sexual offenders (exhibitionists, child molesters and child rapists) and a matched normal control group. Based on the analyses, it appears that parental sensitivity, trust, intimacy and adult romantic attachment significantly differentiate between sexual delinquents and the control group. There is no significant relationship between the different categories of sexual offenders, except for the variable adult romantic attachment. Furthermore, it was found that parental sensitivity, trust and the adult romantic attachment style contribute independently to the explanation of sexual delinquent behaviour. The results tend to be important for the prevention and the treatment of sexual delinquent behaviour. 相似文献
106.
Participatory budgeting (PB) is one of the most popular democratic innovations worldwide. PB is connected with high stakes regarding mobilizing political inactive citizens, efficient and effective budgetary policy as well as positive effects on citizens (e.g., civic education, democratic attitudes). However, in many Western countries empirical evidence for such benefits is scarce. This also holds for Germany. Since the conduction of PB demands financial and personnel resources, a thorough evaluation is necessary. This article systematically summarizes the current state of research to make the literature on PB in Germany accessible to international scholars as well as political and administrative practitioners. It focusses on the context (which municipalities conduct PB and why), process (role of local administration and council, participation, deliberation), and outcome/impact dimension (outcomes and impact on policies and citizens). To conclude, further research venues are briefly outlined, followed by an outlook on PBs future and practical implications. 相似文献
107.
Avoiding Theoretical Stagnation: A Systematic Review and Framework for Measuring Public Value 下载免费PDF全文
Public value theory has become a hot topic in public administration research, but its proponents have long recognised difficulties in empirically testing the theory's central propositions. There has been a lack of clarity about how to measure the extent to which organisations are generating public value, which has rendered researchers unable to quantitatively study the causes, consequences and correlates of public value. The current study systematically reviews the growing literature on public value measurement to identify, evaluate, and synthesise available measures. Through a qualitative synthesis of the themes present in published measures, we identify four key components for measuring public value that appear to be important across a range of policy and national contexts. Our review identifies a promising framework that could be used to structure a comprehensive measure of public value and, in doing so, provides a means to progress theoretical development and testing of the public value approach. 相似文献
108.
This is the first study that assesses the economic effects of direct democratic institutions on a cross-country basis. We find that total spending as well as spending on welfare is lower in countries with mandatory referendums, consistent with the previous literature. But we also find that countries with national initiatives appear to spend more and be more corrupt. Finally, budget deficits, government effectiveness, productivity and “happiness” appear unrelated to direct democracy. Institutional detail thus matters a great deal. In general, the effects of direct-democratic institutions become stronger if the frequency of their actual use is taken into account. Effects are usually stronger in countries with weak democracies. 相似文献
109.
Administrative Agencies and the Collaborative Game: An Analysis of the Influence of Government Agencies in Collaborative Policy Implementation 下载免费PDF全文
Over the past decades, most countries have witnessed an increase in collaborative arrangements for engaging stakeholders in collective decision‐making processes. Despite the fact that the role of the state in the collaborative structures has been one of the highly debated issues, there is still a need for a more comprehensive understanding of how governmental agencies affect the performance of collaborative actions. This article develops a framework for systematic analyses of collaborative effects on policy performance. Using PROCESS OLS regression, the authors apply the framework to project‐level Cohesion Policy implementation in Finland – that is, to collaborative arrangements embedded in a rather fragmented and complex administrative context. The typical state characteristics of a Nordic country make Finland an interesting case for studying the interaction in collaborative arrangements between the administration and external agencies in a modern welfare state. The results presented in this article show that government agencies have a considerable moderating impact on the relationships between collaborative qualities and performance. The impact is, however, dependent on the responsiveness of the external agent to the bureaucratic rationale. The results underline the importance of more holistic approaches for analyzing complex collaborative constellations, focusing particularly on interaction effects between potential explanatory factors. 相似文献
110.
When examining media effects on voting intentions, scholars of political communication have either focused on visibility- or tonality-based effects. Our study compares these effect models, asking whether the explanations are complementary or competitive; it goes beyond previous studies by considering interactions between media cues and voters’ attitudes. We draw on panel survey data from the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) that is combined with content analysis data of the main evening news broadcast in Germany. Findings show that visibility- and tonality-based effects are similar in potency, but tone-based effects are more contingent on attitudes toward parties and candidates. Both types of cues can backfire: higher visibility and more positive tonality can have negative effects on some attitude groups, which is in part moderated by the expectations about government coalitions. We find that visibility and tonality are rather complementary cues that both influence voting behavior. Implications are discussed. 相似文献