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761.
762.
An explanation of the continuing federal government mandate of single-member congressional districts
Stephen Calabrese 《Public Choice》2007,130(1-2):23-40
A formal rational expectation model is developed to explain why congressional single-member districts (SMD’s) were mandated in 1842 and why that mandate has repeatedly been re-affirmed. The tendency of voters to moderate the dominant party in the federal government combined with the single-party sweep effect of multi-member districts (MMD’s) creates the incentives for the strongest party to support a SMD mandate. This model performs empirically much better than alternative theories. The model’s prediction that the current SMD mandate is permanent is an example of how an institutional change can endure even if it no longer reflects voter preferences. 相似文献
763.
A recent paper argues that the Walsh linear inflation contract does not prove optimal when the government concerns itself about the cost of the central bank contract (Candel-Sánchez & Campoy-Miñarro, 2004). This result relies on assuming that the participation constraint does not represent an effective constraint on the central banker’s decision. We show that the Walsh linear inflation contract does produce the optimal outcome, even when the government cares about the cost of the contract, assuming that the participation constraint holds. 相似文献
764.
Elkind’s (1967) theory of adolescent egocentrism proposes two distinct, but related, constructs – the imaginary audience and the personal fable. A corollary to the imaginary audience, the personal fable (PF) yields a sense of invulnerability and speciality commonly
associated with behavioral risk-taking. When regarded as a developmental phenomenon, risk-taking is thought to be the result
of cognitive immaturity. However, few adolescent health programs address the egocentric dimension of decision making. We believe
that a valid and reliable measure of PF would aid assessment of risk-taking potential and inform preventive interventions.
The present paper reports the results of a newly constructed measure of PF and its relation to risk-taking behavior. The following
three hypotheses were tested using data from an availability sample of 119 middle school students: 1. PF scores will increase
with age; 2. males will score higher than females on the invulnerability dimension of PF; and 3. PF and risk-taking will be
positively correlated. As predicted, PF scores increased significantly across the age range studied. Of the two PF dimensions,
only invulnerability significantly varied across grades. Males reported significantly higher invulnerability scores than females,
and PF and risk-taking were positively correlated. Suggestions for the implementation of this new and, arguably, reliable
and valid scale are presented.
Amy Alberts, M. A., is currently pursuing a doctoral degree in Applied Child Development at the Eliot-Pearson Department of
Child Development, Tufts University. Ms. Alberts’ research interests include psychosocial adjustment during the pubertal transition
and adolescent-parent relationships.
David Elkind, Ph.D. is Professor of Child Development at Tufts University. His research has been in the areas of social and
cognitive development, building upon the research and theory of Jean Piaget. His latest book, The Power of Play will be Published
by DaCapo Press in 2007. I have served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence for almost two decades.
Although Dan and I have not always agreed on adolescent issues it has always been a responsible, mutually respecting disagreement.
As an editor, Dan has always been sensitive, thoughtful and supportive, a pleasure to work with and for.
Stephen Ginsberg is a senior at Tufts University and is currently applying to graduate programs in clinical psychology. 相似文献
765.
Stephen Dearden 《Cambridge Review of International Affairs》2003,16(1):105-117
This paper reviews the response of the European Commission to a number of critical assessments of its administration of the EU's development assistance programme. Focusing particularly upon the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of developing countries, it considers the recent Cotonou Agreement in the context of this reform agenda. It identifies those issues that remain unresolved, including the difficulties of developing objective criteria for assessing need and performance, the role of the Inter-service Quality Support Group and the relationship between the Directorate Generals for Development and External Relations. It identifies the conflicting objectives for development policy amongst the member states as lying at the heart of the EU's development policy problems and reviews the options that may present themselves should this reform programme fail to satisfy criticism from the member states. 相似文献
766.
This paper undertakes an empirical test of two opposing views of interdependencies among members of military alliances. The first view, associated with Olson and Zeckhauser, argues that the public good aspect of defense induces free riding behavior by smaller alliance members, which imposes a disproportionate burden of supporting the alliance on the larger members. A second view argues that NATO defense activities produce a mix of outputs, some of which are not purely public, and some of which may be complementary across nations. Furthermore, the nature of the weapons systems and their relative use by alliance members may induce substantial cooperation by allies. The test proposed here analyzes the relationship between defense spending shares of NATO members and their population and relative wealth shares. A simple model is specified and tested using pooled time series cross sectional data. The empirical results indicate more support for the cooperative view of ally relationships than the Olson-Zeckhauser non-cooperative model. 相似文献
767.
768.
769.
Stephen L. Elkin 《Policy Sciences》1983,15(4):367-387
A contextual theoretical strategy should be pursued to overcome past deficiencies in the study of organizational innovation. The strategy is likely to lead to greater success in efforts to promote innovation. The heart of this strategy is to define the types of innovation processes at work and the contexts in which they operate. There are at least three innovation processes at work which operate in contexts defined by organizational and environmental characteristics and by the type of innovation under consideration. 相似文献
770.
M. Stephen Weatherford 《Political Behavior》1983,5(2):191-208
Page and Jones, and others, have argued that recursive models of the vote fail to take account of the inherent complexity of the decision processes involved and that estimates from these models are prone to errors, which result in understatement of the amount of policy voting. They propose a causal structure, in which reciprocal influences are modeled explicitly, and estimate its parameters with partially independent samples from two presidential elections. Their model, however, is restricted to presidential contests and omits economic issues. Similarly, the literature on economic voting has ignored the presence of potential reciprocal influences on economic policy attitudes. This paper develops a novel measure of economic issue preferences, modifies the earlier model to include both economic and social issues, and tests the model on data from an independent sample of voters in the 1978 congressional elections. Estimates from the elaborated model generally comport well with the results obtained by Page and Jones, and the findings show a higher degree of economic issue voting than most previous studies. 相似文献