全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3735篇 |
免费 | 146篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 321篇 |
工人农民 | 136篇 |
世界政治 | 464篇 |
外交国际关系 | 270篇 |
法律 | 1552篇 |
中国政治 | 29篇 |
政治理论 | 1086篇 |
综合类 | 23篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 17篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 53篇 |
2019年 | 74篇 |
2018年 | 98篇 |
2017年 | 116篇 |
2016年 | 130篇 |
2015年 | 93篇 |
2014年 | 103篇 |
2013年 | 706篇 |
2012年 | 94篇 |
2011年 | 114篇 |
2010年 | 116篇 |
2009年 | 122篇 |
2008年 | 120篇 |
2007年 | 145篇 |
2006年 | 125篇 |
2005年 | 109篇 |
2004年 | 149篇 |
2003年 | 101篇 |
2002年 | 95篇 |
2001年 | 63篇 |
2000年 | 79篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 66篇 |
1997年 | 68篇 |
1996年 | 51篇 |
1995年 | 58篇 |
1994年 | 60篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 40篇 |
1991年 | 40篇 |
1990年 | 48篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 42篇 |
1987年 | 45篇 |
1986年 | 34篇 |
1985年 | 34篇 |
1984年 | 28篇 |
1983年 | 25篇 |
1982年 | 29篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 21篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1970年 | 10篇 |
1969年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有3881条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
Purpose
The purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment on alcohol and marijuana use for juvenile offenders based on existing quasi-experimental and experimental research. Additionally, a secondary aim is to compare the effects of individual-based interventions to family-based interventions.Methods
A systematic search of literature and electronic databases through 2010 generated five experimental or quasi-experimental studies that assessed alcohol outcomes for juvenile offenders and five experimental or quasi-experimental studies that assessed marijuana outcomes for juvenile offenders.Results
Overall, substance abuse treatment appears to have a small to moderate effect on alcohol and marijuana reduction for juvenile offenders. Interventions that showed the most promise were Multisystemic Therapy, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, Teaching Family, and Life Skills Training. Individual-based interventions and family-based interventions had similar small to moderate effects on alcohol and marijuana use.Conclusion
This review highlights several promising interventions for this high-risk population; however, further rigorous study is desperately needed to provide a better understanding of what works best in reducing substance use among juvenile offenders. 相似文献942.
Daniel O'Connell Christy A. Visher Steven Martin Laurin Parker John Brent 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(3):261
Background
Bolstered by the initial effectiveness of programs such as Hawaii's Project HOPE, the resurgence in practical applications of deterrence theory has focused on certainty and swiftness of punishment. Following this theoretical trend, Delaware's Decide Your Time (DYT) program was designed to manage high risk substance-using probationers by focusing on the certainty of detection through frequent drug tests and graduated but not severe sanctions.Objective
This paper, stemming from a larger process evaluation of DYT, reports on the theoretical development and implementation issues involved in instituting such a program in a large, urban probation department.Methods
Data for the current effort consisted of notes taken at DYT management and staff meetings, interviews with key informants, and observational fieldwork.Results
The evaluation demonstrated that judicial practices, client eligibility, logistics, and cooperation with secure facilities all posed noteworthy issues for program implementation. Perhaps just as important is the willingness of the program managers to listen to front line officers and make necessary changes to ensure the program's effectiveness and efficiency.Conclusion
This study suggests that the design of similar programs should carefully consider the local legal structure and the policies and practices of the corrections institutions, treatment providers, and probation department. 相似文献943.
Stephen Gardbaum 《The Modern law review》2011,74(2):195-215
This article first assesses the success and distinctiveness of the Human Rights Act 1998 from the perspective of its status as an exemplar of ‘the new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism.’ This new, intermediate model attempts to straddle the dichotomy of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy by protecting rights through a reallocation of powers between courts and legislatures that brings them into better balance than under either of these two traditional, more lopsided models. As part of its assessment, the article critically examines an influential strand of commentary claiming that in practice the HRA has proven to be less distinctive from US‐style constitutionalism than initially claimed or hoped. The second part of the article seeks to contribute to current debates about reform of the HRA by proposing ways to address its main structural weaknesses, especially the problem of remedial distortion. 相似文献
944.
945.
Sellbom M 《Law and human behavior》2011,35(6):440-451
The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP) is a promising, efficient measure of the psychopathic personality. Previous
examinations of its latent structure have yielded inconsistent results; therefore, the goal of the current study was to evaluate
previously reported two- and three-factor models in three separate groups of male correctional inmates (n = 573), male college students (n = 202), and female college students (n = 200). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the best-fitting model across all the three groups was the three-factor
model proposed by Brinkley et al. (Assessment 15:464–482, 2008). The convergent and discriminant validity of this three-factor structure as well as a revised 19-item total score were elaborated
on in terms of predicting scores on conceptually relevant external criteria. The LSRP total and factor scales evidenced good
convergent and discriminant validity with a few notable exceptions. Implications for theory and future research are discussed. 相似文献
946.
Recent research in decision-making has demonstrated the “dud-alternative effect”—the tendency to become more confident that
a chosen response option is correct if it is surrounded by implausible response options (Windschitl & Chambers, J Exp Psychol
30:198–215, 2004). This finding may be applicable to a lineup task: The presence of duds (i.e., highly dissimilar fillers) may increase a
witness’s confidence that an identified (non-dud) lineup member is the criminal. Four studies (N = 665) demonstrate that the mere presence of highly dissimilar fillers inflates witnesses’ confidence in a mistaken identification
(Studies 1–4), provides evidence that this confidence inflation is due to the duds inflating the perceived similarity of the
other lineup members to the criminal (Studies 2, 3), and delineates some conditions under which the effect holds (Studies
3, 4). The addition of highly dissimilar lineup members, far from being inert, as is often implicitly assumed, can bias witnesses’
confidence reports. 相似文献
947.
Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) is a highly sensitive technique originally introduced for detecting latent fingermarks on smooth non-porous surfaces such as carrier bags, plastics and glass. The current study explores whether VMD can be used in the examination of clothing from physical and sexual assault cases in order to visualise identifiable fingermark ridge detail and/or palmar flexion crease detail, thus allowing potential areas to be indicated for DNA swabbing and/or to determine the sequence of events. Four different fabrics were utilised during this study - nylon, polyester, polycotton and cotton, along with 15 donors who ranged in their age and propensity to leave fingermarks, from good to medium to poor as determined by results obtained from test runs using paper and plastic carrier bags processed with VMD. Once samples were collected they were kept for a determined time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days) and then treated using the gold/zinc metal VMD process. From the results, it appears that greater ridge detail is visible on the smoother non-porous fabrics, such as nylon whereas on rougher porous fabrics, such as cotton, only empty prints and impressions, rather than any ridge details, were visible. All fabrics did however allow the development of touch marks that could be targeted for DNA taping thus potentially leading to a DNA profile and possible identification of a suspect. 相似文献
948.
Neumann C Mateos-Garcia I Langenburg G Kostroski J Skerrett JE Koolen M 《Forensic science international》2011,212(1-3):32-46
Research projects aimed at proposing fingerprint statistical models based on the likelihood ratio framework have shown that low quality finger impressions left on crime scenes may have significant evidential value. These impressions are currently either not recovered, considered to be of no value when first analyzed by fingerprint examiners, or lead to inconclusive results when compared to control prints. There are growing concerns within the fingerprint community that recovering and examining these low quality impressions will result in a significant increase of the workload of fingerprint units and ultimately of the number of backlogged cases. This study was designed to measure the number of impressions currently not recovered or not considered for examination, and to assess the usefulness of these impressions in terms of the number of additional detections that would result from their examination. 相似文献
949.
How do police respond to and manage complaints of stalking? To answer this question, we conducted a 3-phase study. First, we reviewed the literature to identify risk management tactics used to combat stalking. Second, we asked a group of police officers to review those tactics for completeness and group them into categories reflecting more general risk management strategies. The result was 22 categories of strategies. Finally, we used qualitative methods to evaluate the files of 32 cases referred to the specialized anti-stalking unit of a metropolitan police department. We coded specific risk management tactics and strategies used by police. Results indicated that a median number of 19 specific tactics from 7 general strategies were used to manage risk. Also, the implementation of strategies and tactics reflected specific characteristics of the cases (e.g., perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors), suggesting that the risk management decisions made by police were indeed strategic in nature. Qualitative analyses indicated that some of the strategies and tactics were more effective than others. We discuss how these findings can be used to understand and use stalking risk management more generally, as well as improve research on the efficacy of risk assessment and management for stalking. 相似文献
950.
Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the “Statistical Accuracy” of Uniform Crime Reports
James?J.?NolanEmail author Stephen?M.?Haas Jessica?S.?Napier 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(4):497-519
This paper offers a methodological approach for estimating classification error in police records then determining the statistical
accuracy of official crime statistics reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. Classification error refers to
the mistakes in UCR statistics caused by the misclassification of criminal offenses, for example recording a crime as aggravated
assault when it should have been simple assault. Statistical accuracy refers to the estimated true total of each crime type
based on cancelling effect of undercounting and overcounting crime due to misclassifications. The population for the study
consists of the 12 largest municipal police agencies in a mostly rural southeastern state. Based on a sample of 2,663 records,
the authors illustrate the impact of classification error on the total population of reported offenses. Misclassifications
result in overcounting and undercounting certain crimes. The true number of each crime type, as well as the aggregate Index
Crime, Violent Crime, and Property Crime totals, is estimated based the evaluation of offsetting misclassifications. The findings
show that certain UCR crime categories are greatly undercounted while others are overcounted. The index crime and violent
crime totals are also significantly undercounted; however, when simple assault is added to the index and violent crime categories,
the error in these aggregate numbers is reduced to less than 1%. The results provide a benchmark for assessing the statistical
accuracy of the UCR data. 相似文献