Innovationssysteme von Nationen, Regionen und Technologien — Ein Überblick über Literatur und Diskussion

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Literatur

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Einflussmöglichkeiten der Europäischen Kommission auf die europäische Politik

The means of the European Commission to influence European policies are being discussed predominantly with view to its agenda-setting powers. Institutionalist analyses have shown how the Commission can use agenda setting to bring to bear its own political preferences on the Council. With view to other Commission rights, in contrast, there have not been similar systematic analyses to show the Commission’s impact on European policies. In this article it is shown how the Commission can use its rights following from its role as a guardian of the Treaty and from competition law strategically. By simultaneously imposing threats on the Member States, the Commission can present its proposals to the Council as a “lesser evil”, pressurizing the Council into acceptance. The paper shows the scope and limits of this strategy and takes into consideration how other studies discussing the Commission’s powers fit into this framework of analysis.     

The influence of sociocultural and environmental factors on the adolescents’ life and development: Japanese youth from a Western readers perspective

This article provides an analysis of phenomena of youth in Japan by means of a literature review. A rich literature on Japanese youth has been published during the last decade, which provides us with information on a variety of topics. By focussing on sources published in Western languages a selection is drawn to research presented as relevant to Western readers. Japan is known as a highly dynamic society. How do children and youth adjust to the ever-changing social and cultural environment? And how can we identify and analyse the most relevant sociocultural and environmental factors and their relationships to each other, which obviously have a strong influence on the adolescents’ life and development? These questions can guide us when structuring the available information according to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective of human development. I will illustrate findings from recent journal articles on central topics like the school to work transition, recent educational reforms and youth culture and discuss these on the background of context knowledge on Japanese youth from former theoretical and empirical studies.     

Arbeit und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Umbruch

Ausgehend von dem Umbruch der Erwerbsarbeit in Richtung einer flexibilisierten, markteffizienten Tertiarisierung fragen wir nach Chancen für Frauenerwerbsarbeit. Dabei richten wir den Blick insbesondere auf das Verhältnis zwischen Erwerbssphäre und außerbetrieblichem Leben. Die Ausgangsthese lautet: Dem Umbruch der Arbeit sind ?Entgeschlechtlichungstendenzen“ inhärent. Diese werden jedoch sowohl von überdauernden Geschlechterungleichheiten, als auch durch die Verdrängung gesellschaftlicher Reproduktionsnotwendigkeiten in das ?Private“ als (neu konfigurierte) ?Vergeschlechtlichungsprozesse“ konterkariert. Als Ergebnis zeigen sich zwiespältige Integrationsaber auch zunehmend Desintegrationseffekte für ?weibliche“ Erwerbsarbeit. Diese These wird mit Befunden einer empirischen Untersuchung bei der Deutschen Bahn AG erhärtet, deren rigoroser Umbau hin zu börsenfähiger Wirtschaftseffizienz u.E. paradigmatisch für Unternehmensreorganisationen gelten kann. Das Fazit lautet: Nur über eine konsensuale Arbeitspolitik, die die Symmetrierung der außer- und innerbetrieblichen Lebensbereiche beinhaltet, ist eine nachhaltige Chancenerweiterung für Frauenerwerbsarbeit möglich. Sie ist — mittelfristig — auch die Voraussetzung für eine ?geschlechtsneutrale“ Bestenauslese der Unternehmen und damit ihrer Wirtschaftseffizienz.     

When Fairness is Especially Important: Reactions to Being Inequitably Paid in Communal Relationships

This article focuses on when justice is especially important to people and, in doing so, explores the social conditions under which the importance of justice may change in social interactions. More specifically, the authors examine how different types of relationships affect evaluations of equitable and inequitable situations. It is argued that when people are confronted with friends as interaction partners, as opposed to unknown others, they are motivated to attend to the needs of their friends (Clark & Mills, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12–24, 1979) and, therefore, they are not only concerned with their own outcomes, but also with their friends’ outcomes. As predicted on the basis of this line of reasoning, two experiments demonstrate that when people’s interaction partners are friends, people are indeed more satisfied with being underpaid and less satisfied with being overpaid compared to when their interaction partners are unknown others. In the discussion, it is argued that these findings suggest that justice is especially important to people when they are in communal relationships.

Correction to: (Sex) Crime and Punishment in the #MeToo Era: How the Public Views Rape

Political Behavior - The original version of this article mistakenly listed “the Foundations of Human Behavior Initiative at Harvard University” in Acknowledgements section. The proper...