Physical restraint in polish psychiatric facilities

Physical restraint in the form of direct force, forced feeding and medication, mechanical restriction of bodily movement, or the threat of force was administered to close to 30% of patients admitted and hospitalized for a period of at least fourteen days. In transporting the patient to the admission room and then to his treatment ward, the dominant form of restraint used was direct force, or the threat of such force. During the following fourteen days of hospitalization, mechanical restraint and forced medication predominated. Restraint was applied most often, across each of the four phases of the study, to patients deemed dangerous to self or others. This relationship became significantly stronger as the period of hospitalization continued. Across the four phases, patients who protested their hospitalization were more likely to be restrained than patients who agreed to it or who did not object. During each of the four phases of the study, numerous patients who did not object to their hospitalization and who were not deemed dangerous were nevertheless subjected to restraint. The pervasiveness of physical restraint, the wide inter-hospital differences in its use, the apparent over-prediction of patient dangerousness, and the use of restraint with patients who were not deemed dangerous and who did not object to their hospitalization, confirms the need for legal and ethical regulation of physical restraint of psychiatric patients.     

Government aid to industry: a public sector perspective

Abstract: This paper, prepared for the 1982 annual conference of ipac, critically reviews the rationale for government aid to industry. the choice of policy instruments and the creation of the proposed new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. The paper focuses upon the direct subsidization of specific industrial activities, most visibly through direct conditional grants, but also including tariff protection, loans or guarantees of loans at preferred rates. and direct ownership through crown corporations. Drawing upon the theoretical framework presented by Professor Albert Breton in his monograph “A Conceptual Basis for Industrial Stratea,” three broad rationales are identified and discussed, with examples. The first of these is aid to correct for distortions in the workings of the market economy, such as the existence of significant externalities. disproportionate risk aversion, oligopoly or monopoly, and, most prevalent but least analysed. the pervasive influence of policies of foreign governments, past governments, provincial governments and of the federal government in non-economic fields. The second rationale is the concentration of government policies. including direct assistance. to promote a purposeful industrial strategy, which in Canada must include a powerful commitment to reducing regional disparities. Finally, and of increasing importance, is the assistance designed to ease the burden of adjustment, by individuals and by communities. to changes in economic circumstances. The paper closes with a recapitulation of the government's announcement in January 1982 of its intention to create n new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. Sommaire: Cet exposé, préparé pour la conférence annuelle de l'I.A.P.C. de 1982, étudie les raisons de l'aide gouvernerrrentale à l industrie, le choix des instruments de politique et le projet de créer un nouveau ministère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale. L'auteur traite du subventionnement direct d'activités industrielles particulitres, surtout évident dans les cas doctrois de subsides conditionnels, mais sans oublier la protection douanière, les prêts ou les garanties de prêt à des taux préférentiels et la propriétV elle-mêine par le truchernent des sociétés de la couronne. Utilisant le cadre théorique offert par le professeur Albert Breton dans sa monographie “Le Fondement Théorique d'une Stratégie Industrielle” l'auteur identifie et étudie trois raisons principales et donne des exemples. La première de ces raisons est d'aider à corriger les distortions dans le jeu de l‘économie du marché, telles qne l'existence d'importants fxteurs externes, le rejet de risques excessifs, l'oligopole ou le monopole et, ce qui est le plus fréquent rnais a été le moins analysé, l'influence envahissante des politiques des gouvernernents étrangers, des gouverne-ments précédents, des gouvernements provinciaux et du gouvernement fédéral lui-même dans d'autres domaines que l'econornie. La deuxième raison est la concertation des politiques gouvernementales, y compris l'assistance directe, pour promouvoir une “stratégie industrielle” solide qui, au Canada, doit inclure la ferme volonté de réduire les disparités regionales. La troisième raison, dont l'importance continue à croître, est d'alléger les difficultés d'adaptation à de nouvelles circons-tances des individus et des communautés. L'auteur conclut en récapitulant la déclaration du premier ministre Trudeau; celui-ci annonçait L'intention du gouvernement de créer un nouveau rninistère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale comme instrument principal d'aide directe aux investissements privés, contribuant à l'innovation en matière d'industrie, au développement régional et à l'adaptation de l'industrie.