Time and crime: The link between teenager lifestyle and delinquency

This paper—based on data from a national survey of 14 and 15 year olds and their parents in England and Wales—examines the relationship between teenager lifestyles and activity patterns and self-report offending. The legal ways in which teenagers spend their time show consistent relationships with involvement in crime. Offenders and nonofienders differ markedly on both general and specific measures where they go, whom they are with, and what they do. Consistent with models of criminal behavior based on group processes, these differences in activity patterns also extend to a number of the major correlates of delinquency whose effects on crime are typically conceived in lifestyle terms. These results further indicate that the link between activity patterns and delinquency is different between males and females in the age group surveyed.     

The analysis of an intracerebral hematoma for drugs of abuse

Toxicological investigations were performed on an intracerebral hematoma, antemortem blood, and postmortem blood of an individual who was found unresponsive in his home. The hematoma was found to have ethanol at a concentration of 0.05% (w/v), and benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite) was also confirmed at a concentration of 0.43 mg/L by specific analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These results enabled the pathologist to record the cause of death as intracerebral hemorrhage due to acute cocaine intoxication.     

Invasive Alien Species and the Protection of Biodiversity: The Role of Quarantine Laws in Resolving Inadequacies in the International Legal Regime

There is growing awareness of the environmental problems causedby the introduction of invasive alien species, described bythe IUCN as one of the major threats to biological diversity.Despite difficulties in definition and identification, internationalregimes have increasingly attempted to tackle the issue, withover 40 treaties referring to the regulation of invasive species.But current international law is acknowledged to have severeshortcomings. Quarantine controls, though originally designedto protect human health and agricultural commerce, could playa critical role as a country’s first line of defence incontaining the spread of invasive alien species. The internationalquarantine regime is conceptually well placed to spearhead thefight against invasive alien species, but there are considerableproblems with the current structures. An analysis of how currentinternational trade law and in particular the 1994 Agreementon Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures may conflict with internationaland national quarantine measures shows that the World TradeOrganization, in its enthusiasm to prevent quarantine laws beingused as a disguised restriction on trade, has discouraged membersfrom using such laws to stem the spread of invasive alien species.Much greater cooperation between the relevant parties will berequired to reverse this trend.     

Teaching and assessing leadership courses at the John F. Kennedy school of government

The development of leadership courses aimed at usefulness in practice requires new theory and pedagogy, as well as a hard look at assessing course effectiveness: How useful do students find the course materials for analyzing their past professional experience? How relevant and effective do students find the courses for understanding and intervening into politics and organizations after rejoining professional life? A summary is provided of the setting, theory, and methods for these courses, as well as the results of a survey of students after they had resumed their careers. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of the risks involved in teaching leadership.     

A Balanced Budget with Side Effects—A Case Study of Implementation of a Hospital Cost Savings Program in Sweden

This study examines the implementation of a hospital cost savings program in a Swedish county hospital to understand how and why a downsizing intervention works and what outcomes it produces. Data were gathered from interviews and documents. Substantial differences were found among the healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the downsizing process. These diverse perceptions likely limited the scope of staffs’ participation and innovations of new savings strategies. Our findings stress the need for impact analyses addressing both intended aims and unintended side effects. Full attention should be paid to communication processes required to establish a trustful and committed change climate.     

Reportlng of performance measures for federal agencies: the initial impact of the chief financial officer act of 1990

The Chief Financial Officer Act of 1990 requires the preparation and audit of financial statements for many federal government programs and agencies. The first comprehensive set of financial statements prepared to meet the provisions of the CFO Act were for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1991 and were published in CFO Annual Reports due in August of 1992. This paper presents the results of a study of performance measurement in the fiscal year 1991 financial statements of the sixty-three reporting entities filed as part of the 1992 CFO Annual Reports. The purpose of the analysis of performance measures included in the fiscal year 1991 financial statements was to determine to what extent the financial statements of each of the reporting entities included the various types of performance measures identified in the framework developed for this project. The paper also includes an in-depth analysis of the performance measures reprted by the Social Security Administration and the Department of Labor.     

Architectures of intergenerational justice: Human dignity,international law,and duties to future generations

This article draws attention to the constitutive requirements of intergenerational justice and exposes the limitations of regulative arguments based on international human rights law. Intergenerational justice demands constraining the regulative freedom of the international community, and it is tempting to assume that adequate constraints are already contained within existing treaties including international human rights treaties. In fact, intergenerational justice demands bespoke constitutional norms at the international level, and it demands entrenching constitutional norms. International human rights law per se implies neither of these constitutive propositions and both are problematic in light of the present structure of international law. Nevertheless, a combination of arguments concerning intergenerational justice and the systemic implications of human dignity yield a more constitutive account of human rights and therefore an internal critique of the overall architecture of international law.