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111.
Valerie Cromwell 《议会、议员及代表》2013,33(1):33-36
SUMMARY No parliamentary assemblies (Cortes) were held between 1665 and 1700 in the Crown of Castile. In view of this institutional pause, not yet sufficiently well explained historiographically, the questions assailing us are: who held the representation of the kingdom during this time, and how was the exaction of taxes-the millones (tax on basic products), donations, and so on-carried out in political practice, as their levying had to be agreed on in the Cortes. The answer to the first question is that it was the cabildos (local assemblies or oligarchical municipal assemblies) of the cities with a vote in the Cortes, which legitimately represented the kingdom. It should be remembered that before 1665, during the time when the Parliament was summoned, the cabildos retained the decisive vote, whereas the members of the Cortes meeting in them could only exercise an advisory vote. The reply to the second question obliges us to study the institutional relationship of both a Diputacón de las Cortes (a Deputation of the Cortes) and the Commission of Millones with the cabildos concerning the collection of the levies of the millones and donations. As well as defining political representation in the early modern era, the thesis of this article is to demonstrate that the cabildos of the Castilian cities with votes in the Cortes, regardless of whether the Cortes were held or not, were the real representatives of the kingdom and the administrators of the treasury in the second half of the seventeenth century. Thus, in Castile too, the government of society was implemented by both the king and the kingdom in accordance with the juridical-institutional criterion, widespread in Western Europe, of the dominium politicum et regale (as described by John Fortescue, Helmut Koenigsberger et al.). 相似文献
112.
Valerie C. Tucker Andrew J. HopwoodCynthia J. Sprecher Robert S. McLarenDawn R. Rabbach Martin G. EnsenbergerJonelle M. Thompson Douglas R. Storts 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2012,6(1):124-131
We describe the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex® ESX 16 (European Standard Extended 16) and the PowerPlex® ESX 17 Systems, part of a suite of four new DNA profiling kits developed by Promega in response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe. The PowerPlex® ESX 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database, contained within the AmpFlSTR® SGM Plus® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to incorporate these five new loci as mini- and midi-STRs while maintaining the loci found in the AmpFlSTR® SGM Plus® kit as standard size. The PowerPlex® ESX 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex® ESX 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR® SGM Plus® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex® ESX 16 and ESX 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. In mixture analysis, a range of 52-95% of unique minor contributor alleles was observed at 19:1 mixture ratios where only 25 pg of the minor component was present. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of information obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors. 相似文献
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116.
We examine sources of variation in possession and use of the death penalty using data drawn from 193 nations in order to test theories of punishment. We find the death penalty to be rooted in a country's legal and political systems, and to be influenced by its religious traditions. A country's level of economic development, its educational attainment, and its religious composition shape its political institutions and practices, indirectly affecting its use of the death penalty. The article concludes by discussing likely future trends. 相似文献
117.
Valerie Terry 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2001,1(3):266-280
This paper provides a theoretical explanation for lobbying as interpersonal rhetorical communication based on the tenets of symbolic convergence theory (SCT). SCT is a general theory of communication in the symbolic interactionism paradigm. Nowhere in the extant communication literature, including the scholarly public relations research, is lobbying explicated in this way. This paper utilises a health care public policy case study to illustrate SCT in lobbying practice. The emphasis here is on how lobbyists use homo narrans, or human storytelling, in influential face‐to‐face information exchange with public policy decision makers to be persuasive on behalf of their clients. The ultimate aim of this paper is to build the current body of theoretical and practical knowledge about lobbying, to advance more positive perceptions of lobbyists and lobbying and to improve the practice of lobbying in producing effective public policy outcomes. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications 相似文献
118.
This article revisits the decision of the Australian High Court in Mabo (No. 2)for the purpose of determining what, in the legal thought displayed in the judgments, makes the category of sovereignty exclusive
of the sovereignty of aboriginal peoples. Having regard to the téchnē of legal thought, it locates this exclusion in the substitution of nation for property relations of class, sex and race and,
more specifically to sovereignty as a category of a still colonial law, in denial of the partiality of the standpoint of legal
thought. This article proposes the need in Australia to attend to, thoughtfully, a fantastic and reconciliatory moment in
the idea of sovereignty.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
119.
Valerie G. Starratt Aaron T. Goetz Todd K. Shackelford William F. McKibbin Steve Stewart-Williams 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(5):315-323
Women who have been sexually coerced by an intimate partner experience many negative health consequences. Recent research
has focused on predicting this sexual coercion. In two studies, we investigated the relationship between men’s use of partner-directed
insults and sexually coercive behaviors in the context of intimate relationships. Study 1 secured self-reports from 247 men
on the Partner-Directed Insults Scale and the Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships Scale. Study 2 obtained partner-reports
from 378 women on the same measures. Across both studies, results indicate that men’s use of sexually coercive behaviors can
be statistically predicted by the frequency and content of the insults that men direct at their intimate partner. Insults
derogating a partner’s value as a person and accusing a partner of sexual infidelity were most useful in predicting sexual
coercion. The discussion notes limitations of the current research and highlights directions for future research. 相似文献
120.
Evaluation of Degradation in DNA from Males with a Quantitative Gender Typing,Endpoint PCR Multiplex 下载免费PDF全文
Byron C. Smith M.S.F.S. Emily Vandegrift M.S.F.S. Valerie Mattimore Fuller Ph.D. Robert W. Allen Ph.D. School of Forensic Sciences 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(2):399-408
Evidentiary samples submitted to a forensic DNA laboratory occasionally yield DNA that is degraded. Samples of intact chromosomal DNA (both nuclear and mitochondrial) were subjected to a heating protocol to induce DNA degradation. The DNAs were then analyzed using a multiplex PCR assay that amplifies targets of low and high molecular weight on the X/Y and mitochondrial chromosomes. If degradation is random, the amplification of larger DNA targets should be more adversely affected by degradation than smaller targets. In nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from a male donor, exhibiting degradation, DNA quantity estimates based upon higher molecular weight amplicons (HMW) are significantly lower than estimates made using low molecular weight (LMW) Q‐TAT amplicons. DNA degradation estimated using this approach correlated well with actual fluorescence associated with HMW and LMW STR alleles amplified from the same genomic DNA templates. Q‐TAT is thus useful not only as a quantitation tool, but also as an indicator of template degradation. 相似文献