Analysis of benzophenones by gas chromatography/Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry.

A gas chromatograph/Fourier transform-infrared spectrometric analysis of benzophenones, as hydrolyzed products of benzodiazepine, was evaluated and the vapor phase spectra obtained were compared with those measured in the condensed phase. Each infrared spectrum obtained in the vapor phase showed a much greater difference in comparison to differences found in those in the condensed phase, especially in the fingerprint region. The identification of 14 benzophenones by their infrared spectra in the vapor phase was possible. The detection limits for these benzophenones were between 50-100 ng with high signal-to-noise ratios. The vapor phase spectra of the benzophenones were unique and the analytical method allowed the differentiation of closely related classes of drugs, such as benzophenones.     

Quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.

A simple and sensitive method is described for quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine in blood, serum, urine and tissue homogenate. The chlorpromazine cation radical produced by adding perchloric acid and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone to the sample can be detected by the ESR method at room temperature. The sensitivity limit is 10 ng, that is, 20 microliters of the solution containing 0.5 microgram chlorpromazine/ml. The time needed for the measurement is within 10 min. The chlorpromazine radical thus produced is very stable; for example, 95% of the radical was observed after 24 h. The advantage of this method is discussed by comparing with the ordinary spectrophotometry which requires the purification of the sample.     

Penetrating cardiac injuries. A pathological analysis of 20 autopsy cases

A total of 20 autopsy cases involving deaths due to penetrating cardiac injuries were analyzed pathologically: the causes of death of the victims who died before cardiorrhaphy were exsanguination or hemorrhagic shock in nine cases, pericardial tamponade in three, and a combination of the two in another three. Three of the remaining five cases of early postoperative death resulted from hemorrhagic shock, one resulted from pulmonary air embolism, and one resulted from a combination of hemorrhagic shock and coronary platelet embolism. We should pay more attention to air embolism and platelet embolism as causes of death of victims who have had penetrating cardiac injuries, whose exsanguinating hemorrhage and/or pericardial tamponade may be controlled by emergency-room thoracotomy and cardiorrhaphy.     

A new method for typing haptoglobin in bloodstains using immobilized allo A lectin

Allo A lectin from the beetle, which is beta-D-galactose specific, reacts to haptoglobin but not to hemoglobin. The use of allo A-Sepharose for typing haptoglobin in bloodstains helped eliminate hemoglobin from the bloodstain extract and presented highly resolved haptoglobin patterns by disc gel electrophoresis. This method is simple and rapid for typing haptoglobin in bloodstains and can be easily used in forensic science laboratories.     

Sudden infant death from atelectasis due to amniotic fluid aspiration

An infant girl, whose hands showed lobster-claw deformity, was found dead in her bed at 17 days of age. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the lungs showed fatal atelectasis. The alveolar spaces were filled with fluid, epithelial cells, and squamous debris. These were the constituents of amniotic fluid aspirated before birth. The present case suggested that some sudden unexpected deaths in early infancy are delayed deaths caused by amniotic fluid aspiration.     

Classification of alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS) types by isoelectric focusing

A sample of 300 sera from unrelated individuals from Northern Japan was examined by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Three common types, alpha 2HS 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 were differentiated. The frequencies of the alpha 2HS alleles in our sample were found to be: alpha 2HS1 = 0.7250 and alpha 2HS2 = 0.2750. Analysis of 16 parents with 21 children did not show deviations from the expected mode of inheritance.     

Discrimination of arsenous acids with comparison of trace elements contained by using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

In the poisonous incident case occurred in Japan, clarification of the identity between seized poisons and retrieved from crime scene is strictly required from the court. In this case, arsenous acid was used as a poisonous material and, seized one from suspect's house was only twenty particles. The synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by comparing the intensity ratios of L(alpha) line of four heavy metal, such as Bi, Sn, Sb, Se to K(beta) line of As was performed to overcome this problem. In this paper, the evaluation of this new method using 13 authentic arsenous acid samples, 4 of 13 were refined by Chinese method, 7 of 13 were refined by Japanese method (Sumitomo mining Co. Ltd. method), 2 of 13 were refined by German and Swiss method. As a result, by the comparison of the ratios of these four elements to As, these 13 samples were clearly classified to three products classes produced by different refining methods.     

Politicization,Bureaucratic Legalism,and Innovative Attitudes in the Public Sector

Previous studies have identified institutional, organizational, and individual factors that promote innovation in public organizations. Yet they have overlooked how the type of public administration—and the type of administrators—is associated with innovative attitudes. Using two large, unique comparative data sets on public bureaucracies and public managers, this article examines how bureaucratic politicization and legalistic features are associated with senior public managers’ attitudes toward innovation in 19 European countries. Results of multilevel analysis indicate that the bureaucratic politicization of an administration and the law background of public managers matter. Public managers working in politicized administrations and those whose education includes a law degree exhibit lower pro-innovation attitudes (i.e., receptiveness to new ideas and creative solutions and change orientation).     

Parliamentary Questions in Turkey

Political reasons for asking, and consequences of, parliamentary questions in the Turkish parliament during the 19th legislative period (1991–95) were investigated. Political reasons for asking questions were inferred from attributes of questions including the party affiliation of questioners, question content, referred authorities, and constituency linkages in questions. Political consequences were gauged by the substance of ministers' answers. Our findings reveal that both opposition parliamentarians and government ministers have strategies or behavioural patterns for using parliamentary questions to enhance their own political appeal. Parliamentarians ask either blaming or soliciting questions. Blaming questions are more likely to be (i) of oral type; (ii) directed to the PM; (iii) unrelated to the constituency. Soliciting questions are more likely to be (i) of written type; (ii) directed to the responsible minister; (iii) related to the constituency. In turn, ministers are more willing to give positive, concrete, or promising answers to questions that either beg for help or a solution or pertain to particular constituencies.     

Homicidal manual strangulation and multiple stun-gun injuries.

Stun guns are electric shock devices that are used by a number of law enforcement agencies to subdue violent offenders, but sometimes are discharged into human bodies as offensive weapons. We autopsied a 22-year-old woman who was strangled and had many stun-gun injuries on her head, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs. The stun-gun injuries consisted of many pairs of round erythemas with or without central paleness, some of which were accompanied by circumferential abrasions. To determine whether the electric shocks were administered before or after her death, we studied stun-gun injuries on pigs before and after death and found that the shocks after death did not mark the animal skin. Based on this experiment, all of the stun-gun injuries on the victim's body were concluded to have been inflicted before her death.