基于六边形理论的学生领导力发展观

在充满复杂性的时代,关注领导力是有必要的。在以快速变化、高度工业化为特征的第三个千年中,通讯与信息技术时代与数字世界需要能够推进世界革新的领导人。由于教育系统已经将培养政治领导、社会、经济、文化和科技等领域的领导人涵盖其中,而这些领导人将把握社会方向,促进世界发展。因此,学生领导力成为现阶段的重要学科。学生领导力发展六边形理论,内涵丰富,从个人、集体和社会各个角度出发,建立系统性观点,旨在进一步推进学生领导力发展理论。     

NAC在镉致PC12细胞凋亡线粒体途径中的保护效应

为研究N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)在镉致PC12细胞凋亡线粒体途径中的保护作用,本试验用10mol/L醋酸镉和100 mol/L NAC单独或联合处理PC12细胞24 h后,用MTT法检测细胞存活率;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western-blot法检测细胞色素C(cytochrome c,Cyt C)的释放以及Bcl-2、Bax、Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved PARP蛋白的表达量。结果,NAC能显著或极显著抑制镉引起的细胞存活率下降,凋亡率上升,Cyt C从线粒体释放进入胞浆中,Bcl-2/Bax比值下降,Cleaved caspase-3和Cleaved PARP蛋白的表达量提高(P0.05或P0.01)。上述结果说明,NAC在镉致PC12细胞凋亡线粒体途径中具有保护作用。     

应对危机 寻求突破——奥巴马第二任期的全球战略

<正>2013年是美国奥巴马政府第二任期的第一年。一年来,美国全球战略出现了哪些动向与新特点?究竟应该如何看待美国战略走向?美国究竟是处于战略收缩还是战略扩张期?其战略重点究竟是在亚太还是在中东?本文尝试对以上问题作出回答,并在此基础上提出美国全球战略调整背景下中国面临的新机遇与新挑战。态势与特点与过去四年相比,奥巴马政府第二任期的全球战略呈现出以下几个方     

Adolescent Daughters’ Romantic Competence: The Role of Divorce,Quality of Parenting,and Maternal Romantic History

This study examined the links between parental divorce, quality of maternal parenting, spousal relationships and middle adolescent romantic competence in 80 mother-adolescent daughter pairs (40 divorced). Mothers were asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors with regard to their daughters’ romantic behavior. In addition, mothers were interviewed about their own romantic experiences when they were at the age of their daughters. Adolescent girls (mean age = 16.98 years; range 16–18) were administered a comprehensive interview about romantic competence. Findings indicated that adolescent girls from divorced families showed lower levels of romantic competence, which were expressed in their behavior, attitudes toward relationships and skill in handling those relationships. Divorce was found to have had an adverse effect on girls’ romantic competence, whereas continued adaptive parenting and spousal relationships alleviated the effect of divorce. Mothers’ coherent representation of their own adolescent romantic experiences also alleviated the effect of divorce on daughters’ romantic behavior. Results show the important role of family relationships in fostering romantic competence among adolescent girls.     

Peer Selection and Socialization in Adolescent Depression: The Role of School Transitions

Previous studies have indicated homophily in depressive symptoms among adolescent friends, resulting from both peer selection and socialization processes. However, developmental differences and the role of school transitions in these processes have not been elucidated. A sample of 367 (51% female) adolescents was followed from 6th to 11th grade to investigate prospective relationships between adolescents’ and their friends’ depressive symptoms in middle school and in high school. Results revealed that students selected friends with similar levels of depressive symptoms after each school transition. Additionally, friends appeared to socialize adolescents to become more similar in depressive affect in late middle school years. These findings suggest normative selection effects after school transitions, followed by socialization effects in middle school, but not high school.     

Too Much of a Good Thing? How Breadth of Extracurricular Participation Relates to School-Related Affect and Academic Outcomes During Adolescence

Although adolescents often participate in multiple extracurricular activities, little research has examined how the breadth of activities in which an adolescent is involved relates to school-related affect and academic performance. Relying on a large, multi-ethnic sample (N = 864; 55.9% female), the current study investigated linear and non-linear relationships of 11th grade activity participation in four activity domains (academic/leadership groups, arts activities, clubs, and sports) to adolescents’ sense of belonging at school, academic engagement, and grade point average, contemporarily and in 12th grade. Results of multiple regression models revealed curvilinear relationships for sense of belonging at school in 11th and 12th grade, grade point average in 11th grade, and academic engagement in 12th grade. Adolescents who were moderately involved (i.e., in two domains) reported a greater sense of belonging at school in 11th and 12th grade, a higher grade point average in 11th grade, and greater academic engagement in 12th grade, relative to those who were more or less involved. Furthermore, adolescents’ sense of belonging at school in 11th grade mediated the relationship of domain participation in 11th grade to academic engagement in 12th grade. This study suggests that involvement in a moderate number of activity domains promotes positive school-related affect and greater academic performance. School policy implications and recommendations are discussed.     

中美两国“和平崛起”之比较

国际关系中一个经久不变的现象是:当霸权国的地位受到崛起国的威胁时,它们之间的竞争有可能演变为冲突。现实主义认为这种导致战争风险的权力斗争不可避免,而"和平崛起"理念恰与现实主义这种"霸权易位、战争难免"逻辑相反。中国近十多年来一直承诺要"和平崛起",而且可能在20世纪70年代改革开放启动之时就已经奉行"和平崛起"政策。回顾历史,能够声称自己是"和平崛起"的现代大国可能只有美国。中国和美国是仅有的两个试图和平崛起的大国,考察它们各自历史经历的异同是一项有研究价值的工作。美国崛起于1865—1945年,在时间上比当今中国的崛起早一个世纪,虽然中国的崛起与美国的崛起处于不同的历史发展阶段,但如果有经验可供借鉴的话,中国可以从美国崛起之路学到哪些?本文在深入分析"和平崛起"的含义和中美"和平崛起"的案例可信度的基础上,比较当今中国的崛起过程与19世纪晚期美国崛起之路的主要相似点和不同点,得出了可供中国与国际社会参考的六条经验。     

苏维埃俄国的经济计划(续完)

本刊2012年第3期刊载了20世纪上半期俄罗斯著名经济学家鲍里斯·布鲁兹库斯(Boris D.Brutzkus)的《苏维埃俄国的经济计划》一书上卷1—6章,2013年第1期刊出该书上卷第7—10章及下卷第1—2章,2014年第1期刊出了下卷第3章1—3节。本期刊出该书下卷第3章第4—6节及第四章。至此,全书连载完毕。鲍里斯·布鲁兹库斯,1874年10月生于立陶宛,1908年在彼得堡农学院任教,1918年任彼得堡农业研究所教授,作为俄罗斯一流的农业问题权威,1922年任农业人民委员部彼得格勒省农业计划委员会主席。还在苏俄处于战时共产主义时期的1920年,他不断发表演讲批评苏俄的共产主义试验。1921年底将演讲内容整理成文,以《社会主义制度下的国民经济问题》为题,在俄国技术协会第十一部(工业经济部)创办的《经济学家》杂志上连载。杂志的立场和观点受到列宁、季诺维也夫等布尔什维克领导人激烈指责,杂志被查封,布鲁兹库斯和杂志编辑部其他大部分成员被捕并被驱逐出境。布鲁兹库斯被驱逐后去了德国,任柏林俄语学院教授。他和一些被驱逐的俄国学者一道创办了"俄罗斯科学研究所",继续从事苏维埃俄国经济问题研究。德国纳粹上台后,"俄罗斯科学研究所"宣告解散,布鲁兹库斯谢绝英国伯明翰大学的邀请,前往耶路撒冷的希伯莱大学任教。大战爆发前患肺癌去世。在社会主义思想史上,布鲁兹库斯的《苏维埃俄国的经济计划》一书第一次结合社会主义建设的亲身体验系统地批评了计划经济体制,论证了市场经济必然性与合理性。冯·哈耶克把布鲁兹库斯与冯·米瑟斯和马克斯·韦伯并列为20世纪早期确定了社会主义经济学研究核心问题的开拓者,认为他们对计划经济体制的批评显示了非凡的预见。种种原因,中文读者对布鲁兹库斯了解甚少。本刊1997年第1期发表的俄罗斯经济史专家列·希罗格罗德的文章《论布鲁兹库斯及其专著〈社会主义制度下的国民经济问题〉》,中央编译局张文成教授在《当代世界与社会主义》2002年第2期上的文章《计划经济体制命运的预言者?——布鲁兹库斯及其〈苏维埃俄国的经济计划〉一书》,可能是对布鲁兹库斯作系统介绍的仅有的两篇中文文献。刊发《苏维埃俄国的经济计划》一书,望能有助于学界对这位思想家的研究。本译文根据George RoutledgeSons,Ltd.1935年版译出。     

俄罗斯精英共识与地区经济发展——鞑靼斯坦共和国的经验

国际经验表明,地区发展可以成为大国经济增长的助推器。在俄罗斯经济发展模式需要转型的背景下,俄罗斯高等经济大学的研究团队对鞑靼斯坦共和国的发展管理模式进行了分析。从21世纪第一个十年中期起,鞑靼斯坦共和国的发展管理模式,在俄罗斯就被视为实践典范。当前在鞑靼斯坦共和国已经形成了独特的投资环境,与俄罗斯其他地区相比,其突出特点在于,地方政府的政策可预见度高,且能够为地区重点项目的投资者提供切实保障,地区商业支出与投资风险低。鞑靼斯坦共和国主要精英群体在利益方面相互协调,在地区发展重点与实现路径上具备共识,这在过去是而且也将持续是鞑靼斯坦共和国发展的重要优势。鞑靼斯坦共和国能否建立起在亚洲国家成功运作的追赶型发展模式,这将取决于当地精英能否找到应对近期地区新挑战的共识性对策,同时也取决于俄罗斯联邦层面的地区政策架构。封闭性的固定资产所有制结构,以及劳动报酬水平落后,是鞑靼斯坦共和国面临的主要发展障碍。