Rapid and simple method for direct determination of several amphetamines in seized tablets by GC--FID

A simple and rapid method for direct simultaneous determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in seized tablets was developed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Separation of all six underivatized amphetamines, including diphenylamine as internal standard, was performed in about 6 min, using SPB-50 capillary column. Amphetamine and methamphetamine eluted with negligible tailing while the other amphetamines had highly symmetrical peaks. Sensitivity per component on-column was in the nanogram range, and reproducibility from 2.6 to 6.6% at low concentration (2.4 microg/mL) and from 1.2 to 2.6% at high (70 microg/mL) concentration. The method has a wide linear range, from Limit of detection (LOD) to almost 200 microg/mL, thus allowing analysis of different samples across a wide range of possible concentrations of amphetamines. This simple, fast and precise method using gas chromatography--flame ionization detector (GC--FID), in conjunction with other methods (TLC, IR, HPLC), can be used for identification of amphetamines and direct determination in seized tablets, especially in laboratories with heavy workload.     

Forensic interpretation of Y-chromosomal DNA mixtures

The mathematical concept previously introduced for the forensic interpretation of DNA mixtures using non-associated genetic markers has been adapted to the assessment of haplotypes. Such calculus is required, for example, when Y-chromosomal markers are used in forensics. In addition to outlining the general mathematical framework, we devise two approaches to its practical computational implementation, involving either the inclusion-exclusion principle of probability theory or a recursion in the number of unknown contributors invoked. The two approaches scale differently, depending upon the complexity of the case and the diversity of the markers used. The performance of Y-chromosomal microsatellites (Y-STRs) as a means of trace donor discrimination has been assessed by simulation, using the derived formulas. Based upon data from the Y-chromosomal Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD), the exclusion chance of a non-contributor is shown to vary between 95% in the case of two contributors, and 70% for five contributors. With only one additional contributor, half of all contributing suspects would yield a log-likelihood ratio in favour of donorship of 1.61 or higher, although the median drops to 0.66 with four additional contributors. It must be emphasised that these estimates of the discriminatory power of Y-STRs are likely to be conservative since the simulations involved only haplotypes known to occur in YHRD.     

Population data for the AmpFl STR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit in China Han in Jilin Province, China

Allele frequencies for the fifteen short tandem repeats (STR) loci D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D19S433, THO1, D16S539, CSF1PO, TPOX, D2S1338 (AmpFl STR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit, Applied Biosystems) were determined in a population sample of unrelated China Han in Jilin Province, China. Statistical analyses were performed using Powerstats version 1.2 and GEP-ISFGWG. The results showed that all the loci met Hardy-Weinberg expectation.     

Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in Somalis

A total of 201 males from Somalia were typed for the Y-chromosome STRs DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439 with the PowerPlex Y kit (Promega). A total of 96 different haplotypes were observed and the haplotype diversity was 0.9715. The number of unique haplotypes was 71 while the most common haplotype was observed 24 times.     

Forensic case profiling aspects on multiple homicides from the Cologne-Bonn metropolitan area 1985-2000

The medicolegal and subsequent criminologic interpretation of forensic and pathological findings in cases of homicide makes up an important tool of case profiling. In a retrospective study of 26 cases of "multiple homicides" involving 31 perpetrators (30 males, 1 female, mean age 33.5 years) and 73 victims (33 males, 40 females, mean age 36 years, 68 fatalities, 5 survivors), autopsy reports and prosecution authorities' files were investigated with regard to individual characteristics of victims and offenders, circumstances as well as mode of commitment. The major aim of this study was to comprehensively elucidate and characterise relevant forensic and criminologic features, which may gain importance for forensic case profiling. Forty-six victims were found in the close social environment of the perpetrator and 45 homicides were committed either in the victim's, the perpetrator's or the shared domicile. The main motives included concealment of a crime (n=13), personal conflicts/domestic arguments (n=7) and greed (n=12). The relevant injuries with regard to the cause of death were attributable to sharp force (n=13), blunt force (n=7), gunshot wounds (n=24), ligature strangulation (n=3), smothering (n=5), fire/carbon monoxide (n=4) and combined impacts (n=11). In 15 cases, so called defence injuries were found. In 5 victims a post-mortem blood alcohol concentration >1.5 g/l was determined. In six perpetrators, a severe psychiatric impairment of juridical responsibility was ascertained (Section 20 German criminal code, n=2, psychosis; Section 21 German criminal code, n=4, acute alcohol intoxication). As far as conviction data were available, 27 crimes were juridically assessed as murder, 12 as manslaughter and one as bodily harm with fatal consequences.     

Estimating the probability of identity in a random dog population using 15 highly polymorphic canine STR markers

Dog DNA-profiling is becoming an important supplementary technology for the investigation of accident and crime, as dogs are intensely integrated in human social life. We investigated 15 highly polymorphic canine STR markers and two sex-related markers of 131 randomly selected dogs from the area around Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria, which were co-amplified in three PCR multiplex reactions (ZUBECA6, FH2132, FH2087Ua, ZUBECA4, WILMSTF, PEZ15, PEZ6, FH2611, FH2087Ub, FH2054, PEZ12, PEZ2, FH2010, FH2079 and VWF.X). Linkage testing for our set of marker suggested no evidence for linkage between the loci. Heterozygosity (HET), polymorphism information content (PIC) and the probability of identity (P((ID)theoretical), P((ID)unbiased), P((ID)sib)) were calculated for each marker. The HET((exp))-values of the 15 markers lie between 0.6 (VWF.X) and 0.9 (ZUBECA6), P((ID)sib)-values were found to range between 0.49 (VWF.X) and 0.28 (ZUBECA6). Moreover, the P((ID)sib) was computed for sets of loci by sequentially adding single loci to estimate the information content and the usefulness of the selected marker sets for the identification of dogs. The estimated P((ID)sib) value of all 15 markers amounted to 8.5 x 10(-8). The presented estimations turned out to be a helpful approach for a reasonable choice of markers for the individualisation of dogs.     

Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in Danes

A total of 185 unrelated Danish males were typed for the Y-chromosome STRs DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439 using the kits PowerPlex Y (Promega), ReliaGene Y-Plex 6 and ReliaGene Y-Plex 5 (Reliagene Technologies). A total of 163 different haplotypes were observed and among these, 144 haplotypes were unique. The gene diversity was 0.9985. In DYS392, a variant allele migrating as a 10.2 allele was observed. Sequencing of the allele showed a deletion upstream the repeated area.     

印度尼西亚的对外贸易

国际贸易市场不景气和世界资本主义经济萧条正在对印度尼西亚的对外贸易产生不良影响。这个国家的出口增长率由一九八○至八一年度(财政年度,从四月一日起)的百分之二十四点五下降为一九八一至八二年度的百分之六点六,出口值为二百三十七亿一     

菲律宾的对外贸易及扩大出口的措施

世界资本主义经济萧条对菲律宾的对外贸易正产生消极影响。一九八○年,菲律宾的贸易条件恶化了,进出口商品的比价比上年减少了百分之十五,主要原因是石油价格上涨。一九八一年,由于菲律宾最重要的出口原料商品价格趋势不佳(铜、金与镍的价格猛