Preventing mother-to-child transmission: landmark decision by South African court

On 14 December 2001, the High Court of South Africa delivered its judgment in Treatment Action Campaign et al v Minister of Health et al, ruling that the government was in breach of its constitutional obligations and must promptly develop and implement a comprehensive national program to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, including making antiretroviral drugs available for this purpose. This article summarizes the legal arguments and the outcome of a case that is of global significance in holding governments accountable for their obligations to progressively realize the human right to health.     

Examining the Construct Validity of the Original and Revised JBS: A Cross-Validation of Sample and Method

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that can provide an understanding of construct validity. Previous research examining the factor structure of the Juror Bias Scale (JBS) has uncovered problems in the scale's assessment of the constructs of probability of commission (PC) and reasonable doubt (RD). We here reevaluate the scale's constructs to better our understanding of the pretrial biases involved in the juror decision-making process. Importantly, previous findings have been limited to college student samples and trial material that has involved rape evidence. This study examines the construct validity of the JBS in a sample of 617 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, and the predictive validity of the JBS is examined across 3 distinct trial scenarios. The results parallel earlier findings, indicating that although RD is a tenable and useful construct affecting juror decision-making, PC may be a less relevant pretrial bias. We therefore suggest that future research emphasize alternative constructs, such as confidence and cynicism in the criminal justice system.     

Personal identification based on radiographic vertebral features

Personal identification of human remains constitutes about 10% of the normal caseload of any forensic medicine practice. Identification can be achieved by a variety of methods, one of which is the comparison of antemortem and postmortem radiographs. There are numerous accounts of cranial and dental radiographic features useful for identification, whereas the availability of postcranial radiographs and especially plates that depict the vertebral column is less widespread among the forensic community. The authors here review the various vertebral features instrumental in positive identification that can be identified on radiographs of the spine.     

电流损伤的病理生理学及发生机制研究的新进展

探讨电流损伤的发生机制及病理生理学改变,阐述电流的热效应与非热效应引起机体各器官病理学和病理生理学变化,揭示非热效应的选择性决定了远离触电点的脏器损伤,而临床上和法医实践中见到的损伤则是二者共同作用的结果,这给临床清创带来困难,法医学实践中无电流斑的死因推断也无从下手,由此阐明电流损伤的病理生理学和发生机制是非常重要的。     

小机会孕育大事业

你认为自己已经具备了成为企业家的所有条件。你已经阅读了别人的成功故事，他们大获成功，这令你感到不安。你工作得很出色，人们总是说你前途无量，但是．你已经厌倦了接受平庸的人发出的平庸命令。而凡，为什么所有聪明的想法都是你的，但荣誉却总被别人得到？什么时候你能得到一次大幅提升——有可观的工资上涨．得到期权奖励和巨额奖金呢？“再等等，”他们总是说。“再等等。”是自己当老板的时候了。然而，如果你现在的工作舒适而安逸，每月定期领取工资，在现代化的办公室里工作．有一个高效率的秘书，还有一种在基础稳同的大公司工作的安全感．那么．住你辞上这份好工作之前，我有些告诫的话给你。