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81.
The International Monetary Fund,Party System Institutionalization,and Protest in Latin America 下载免费PDF全文
Extant studies have documented a positive correlation between country participation in International Monetary Fund–sponsored programs and collective protests in Latin America. However, anecdotal evidence indicates that there is a great deal of variation in the number of protests in recipient countries across the region. This article provides a theoretical argument that explains how the fund interacts with the level of party system institutionalization to affect the level of protest. The main prediction is that the level of protest decreases in recipient countries when the level of party system institutionalization is high. Empirical results from a sample of 16 Latin American democracies observed from 1982 to 2007 provide strong statistical and substantive support for the main hypothesis. 相似文献
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Allele frequencies for seven polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA genetic markers in two Spanish populations (Southern Spain and Canary Islands), were determined and compared. The loci analysed were HLADQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8,Gc, and D1S80. 相似文献
83.
Luca Corazzini Sebastian Kube Michel André Maréchal Antonio Nicolò 《American journal of political science》2014,58(3):579-592
Traditionally, the virtue of democratic elections has been seen in their role as means of screening and sanctioning shirking public officials. This article proposes a novel rationale for elections and political campaigns considering that candidates incur psychological costs of lying, in particular from breaking campaign promises. These nonpecuniary costs imply that campaigns influence subsequent behavior, even in the absence of reputational or image concerns. Our lab experiments reveal that promises are more than cheap talk. They influence the behavior of both voters and their representatives. We observe that the electorate is better off when their leaders are elected democratically rather than being appointed exogenously—but only in the presence of electoral campaigns. In addition, we find that representatives are more likely to serve the public interest when their approval rates are high. Altogether, our results suggest that elections and campaigns confer important benefits beyond their screening and sanctioning functions. 相似文献
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Abstract Thirty‐nine species of cetaceans have been officially recorded in Brazil. Therefore, policies aimed at their conservation and management are highly important. This article examines Brazilian legislation, approved between 1986 and 1998, related to the conservation of cetaceans. On December 21, 1986, the first legislation specifically directed at cetaceans, Regulation N‐011, was approved. However, it only addressed small cetaceans. On December 18, 1987, the legislation was extended through Federal Law No 7643 to all cetacean species. From this date onward, the commercial taking of whales was banned from Brazilian waters. Presendy, Brazil has two Federal Laws, two Federal Decrees, one State Decree and nine Regulations related to cetacean conservation. However, although Brazilian cetacean species are now protected by law, they still face numerous threats. This article also proffers suggestions on how to improve the conservation prospects of cetaceans in Brazilian waters. 相似文献
87.
André Freire 《West European politics》2013,36(5):779-800
This article analyses the relative impact of position versus performance issues in Portuguese voting behaviour at the 2002 legislative elections and examines the relative importance of issues compared to other determinants of voting behaviour. The article first defines issues and then presents a model of voting choice, before examining the salience of different issues. The impact of issues, as opposed to other major voting determinants, is evaluated as vote predicting factor. 相似文献
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This article offers a conceptualisation of transnational conflicts between state and non-state actors. Theorists of globalisation and transnationalism have developed a number of approaches in order to rethink the roles of these actors in conditions of globality. Their reluctance, however, to develop middle-range concepts has left us with arguments that are unable to deal with the complexity of transnational conflicts. In the theoretical section we develop a conceptual vocabulary that tries to do justice to these complexities and to questions of hierarchy and internal differentiation of the conflicting formations. We focus in particular on the ways conflict is mediated through various scalar networks. In the empirical section we draw on two cases from Northern Africa—the Ethiopian state versus Oromo ethno-nationalists and the Moroccan state versus Western Sahara activists—in order to illustrate how these concepts can contribute to a theoretically guided understanding of the emergence and perpetuation of transnational conflicts. 相似文献
90.
Around 2007 Turkey became a regional power in the Middle East, a status it has maintained at least until the outset of the Arab Revolt in 2011. To understand why Turkey only became a regional power under the Muslim akp government and why this happened at the specific point in time that it did, this article highlights the self-reinforcing dynamics between Turkey’s domestic political-economic transformation in the first decade of this century and the advantageous regional developments in the Middle East at the same time. It holds that this specific linkage—the ‘Ankara Moment’—and its regional resonance in the neighbouring Middle East carries more transformative potential than the ‘Washington Consensus’ or the ‘Beijing Consensus’ so prominently discussed in current global South politics. 相似文献