Union Citizenship: Unpacking the Beast of Burden

Law and Philosophy -     

Schadenersatz bei Verletzung der Anzeigepflicht nach § 12a Abs 3 MRG

Für die Zul?ssigkeit der Verfahrensart kommt es auf das konkrete Rechtsschutzbegehren (hier: Anhebungsbegehren nach § 12a Abs 3 MRG) an, nicht aber darauf, welches Rechtsschutzziel (hier: Schadenersatzansprüche wegen Verletzung der Anzeigepflicht des § 12a Abs 1 2. Satz MRG ) der Antragsteller tats?chlich erreichen k?nnte.     

Molecular study of time dependent changes in DNA stability in soil buried skeletal residues

Stamp marks are used as a unique identification for a range of items, but these can be erased for criminal activities. Erased marks can sometimes be recovered by etching or magnetic means. The present study looked at the application of Fry's reagent to recover erased marks from steel. The investigation also demonstrated that Fry's reagent can deteriorate on storing and will require a longer etching time. The effect of different applied forces of stamping was investigated, and the depth of the underlying deformation was determined by etching after varying degrees of metal removal. The amount of metal needing to be removed depends on the force applied to the die. Metal removal also affects the time needed for recovery. The underlying structural change remains as a hidden identification mark, and could potentially be used by manufacturers as an unseen identifier. A model for the underlying deformation is proposed.     

Zur schadenersatzrechtlichen Zurechnung von Subunternehmers zum Bauherrn

Trifft den Verk?ufer nach der Vertragslage eine spezifische Pflicht, den Kaufgegenstand in eigener Verantwortung herzustellen bzw herstellen zu lassen (vgl § 1165 ABGB) und das Gesamtprojekt im zugesagten Sinn abzuwickeln und liegt dann eine (gravierende) Schlechterfüllung der vom Verk?ufer übernommenen Herstellungspflicht vor, dann hat er gem § 1298 ABGB zu behaupten (und zu beweisen), dass ihn an der vorgelegenen Verletzung seiner Leistungspflicht kein (eigenes) Verschulden (auch in seiner Funktion als Bauherr) trifft. Der Schaden der Erwerber aus der übertragung einer mit schweren Baum?ngeln behafteten Eigentumswohnung realisiert sich weder mit dem Anwartschaftsvertrag über eine noch gar nicht fertiggestellte Wohnung noch mit einer nachfolgenden provisorischen Nutzungsvereinbarung über die Wohnung, die lediglich ein Gebrauchsrecht vermittelt, sondern frühestens mit dem nachtr?glichen Abschluss des Kauf- und WE-Vertrags, weil erst dieser die Grundlage für den Eigentumserwerb am nicht vertragskonformen Leistungsgegenstand (wertgeminderte Eigentumswohnung) bildet. Keine Entscheidung der Frage, ob die lange 30-j?hrige Verj?hrungsfrist des § 1489 S 2 ABGB bereits mit der sch?digenden Handlung oder erst mit Schadenseintritt zu laufen beginnt.     

Do trials of perpetrators retraumatize crime victims?

Attendance at trials of perpetrators could be retraumatizing for crime victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. To investigate this hypothesis, two studies were conducted in which retraumatization was defined as a significant increase in posttraumatic stress reactions. A cross-sectional study of 137 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed that trial variables do virtually not predict posttraumatic stress reactionsat a time several years after trial. A longitudinal study of 31 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed intraindividual stability of posttraumatic stress reactions for the time interval from a few weeks before the trial to a few weeks after the trial; in addition, interindividual stability was high. The results of both studies do not support the retraumatization hypothesis, which should therefore be used with caution.     

Age determination of an unknown body in early adulthood

The authors report on the estimation of the age of an unidentified deceased adolescent in connection with the body's identification. A physical examination by a forensic physician and an examination by a forensic dentist, including determination of the dental status and an X-ray of the teeth were used to estimate the age. In addition, an X-ray of the left hand as well as an X-ray and MRT scan of the clavicles were carried out by forensic radiologists. Combining the results of the individual examinations, the age of the deceased was estimated to range between 18 and 21 years. In the course of the police investigation it was found out that the deceased was 20 years and 7 months old. This has led to the conclusion that combined use of methods allows the age even of adolescents to be determined with relatively high accuracy and a minimum of time and effort.     

Pathology of peliosis

Peliosis is a pathological entity characterized by the gross appearance of multiple cyst-like, blood-filled cavities within parenchymatous organs. Peliosis has been related to several underlying debilitating illnesses such as tuberculosis, hematological malignancies, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and post-transplant immunodeficiency, as well as intravenous drug abuse, chronic alcoholism, and in conjunction with the intake of oral contraceptives or steroids. The classical pathoanatomical concept is based upon the opinion that peliosis exclusively develops in organs belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system (liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes). However, a paucity of studies indicates that other organs such as lungs, parathyroid glands, and kidneys may be affected too. Concerning the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of onset and maintenance of peliosis, the morphological data obtained by different investigators suggest that there is more than one path of formal pathogenesis (e.g., congenital malformation of vessels manifesting under altered local intravascular pressure conditions, acquired vascular disorder triggered by toxic noxae, active proliferation of vessels corresponding to the benign end on the spectrum of neoplastic vascular lesions). In the liver, at gross inspection, the peliotic lesions give the cut sections a "swiss cheese" appearance. Microscopically, two different types of peliosis can be distinguished in the liver: (1) "parenchymal peliosis" consisting of irregular cavities that are neither lined by sinusoidal cells nor by fibrous tissue, and (2) "phlebectatic peliosis" characterized by regular, spherical cavities lined by endothelium and/or fibrosis. One of the differential diagnoses that most closely resembles peliosis hepatis is secondary hepatic congestion due to veno-occlusive disease or the Budd-Chiari syndrome. In the spleen, the peliotic lesions may be arranged sporadically, disseminated, or in clusters in an uneven distribution pattern. Histologically, the cavities show frequently well-demarcated margins that may appear focally lined by sinusoidal endothelium, or totally lack a clear cell lining. Differential diagnoses are hemangiomas and involvement of the spleen in hairy-cell leukaemia. Since the disease may culminate in spontaneous rupture of the affected organ and thus may mimic a violent death at autopsy, peliosis is far more than just another morphological curiosity. Awareness of peliosis at autopsy as well as an appreciation for the histopathological changes in less characteristic or advanced cases may become an important issue for both the forensic and clinical pathologist.     

Homicide by stab to the neck with subsequent attempted suicide by cut to the neck

A 37-year-old Turkish woman was fatally injured by her 65-year-old Turkish husband with a stab to the cervical region. After her death he inflicted a deep cut to his own neck, which he survived thanks to immediate medical assistance. To the authors' knowledge this combination of a homicidal stab to the neck and a suicidal cut to the neck has not been described before. Kosher butchering, which is common in the couple's traditional cultural environment, is discussed as possible reason for the choice of the neck as site for applying sharp violence. It may have induced the perpetrator to choose this anatomical region.